Women are better parents than men Essay

Today , with the development of society, people’s living styles have changed a lot. A common phenomenon is that more and more men play a fundamental part in our daily life, they stay at home doing housework and taking care of children. However, women work outside the home. Although this trend becomes more and more popular, the importance of women dealing with educating and taking care of children can’t be replaced. That is to say: women are better parents than men. Supporters of men are better parents argue that men have enough energy to do many things such as sending children to school or keeping track of the children’s doctor and dentist appointments, etc. But are these enough for bringing up a child? Of course ,the answer is No. In traditional belief: women who are not good at domestic duties will have difficulty in their family life sooner or later, so they have to get accustomed to cooking and taking care of children. Since they are teenage girls, they start to learn household tasks and raise children, so that they can become a good mother in the future. Besides, when the man are young, their mothers do everything for them, they do not need to do any housework if they don’t like. Generally, most men are not good at cooking and they are careless, which results in their children’s unwilling to be along with them. Also, women are more circumspective than men, this is women’s nature that counts as an advantage in being better parents. Women have a sharp insight, they can know what their children are thinking through careful observation. Are they happy or sad, hungry or thirsty, want to sleep or want to listen to music? And then women will try to meet their demands by appropriate methods. Mother is the person who understand her child best. Contrarily, there is always an unbridgeable gap between the father and children in a family, for father is a strict and serious men that children dare not to express their emotions, even sometimes the kid behave abnormal, the father can’t find out anything wrong. Last but not least, women are gentler and more tolerant than men, this contributes to women have more chances to contact with their kids. From very first day of pregnancy, there is a close and sacred relationship between mothers and their little babies. The belief that women’s sole responsibility is to raise their children has been deeply tooted in our society for a long time, hence, children may have a tendency to listen and confide their personal problems to them. And mothers will give them  suggestions on how to solve these problems correctly. And men are sole financial providers and have to work very hard to support family, which makes them have little chance to talk to their children and know them better. In consequence, women are considered not only better mothers but also close friends by their kids. Having said these, although men are trying their best to be a good househusband, women still outweigh them in terms of taking on child rearing.

Carseat Safety Essay

Every achievement in your child’s life is thrilling! First steps, first words, and even the first day of school (minus the tears). Even car seat milestones can seem exciting. The reality is, they should be looked at with a certain sense of fear, not desire. Every step in a car seat â€Å"progression† is actually a step down in your child’s safety. Rear facing is much, much safer than forward facing. There are many articles that discuss the reasons why your children should remain rear facing for the first full year and 20 pounds. Many of these same articles discuss that consequences of injury drop dramatically after the first year of life. However, it does not state that there are no consequences. The consequences may no longer be death from a completely severed spinal cord, but simply life-long injury, including complete paralysis. Research studies suggest that until children are at least four years of age, they are helpless in withstanding crash forces as well as adults; henceforth they should remain rear facing. In a crash, severe or deadly injuries are generally limited to the head and neck, in the case of a child being in a harnessed seat. When a child is in a forward facing seat, there is an incredible amount of stress put on the child’s neck, which must hold the large head back. A small child’s neck upholds great amounts of force in a crash. The straps hold the body back while the head is thrown forward, which can break the spinal cord. Also, the child’s head is at a greater risk in a forward facing seat as well. In a crash, the head is thrown outside the confines of the seat and can make dangerous contact with other passengers or intruding objects. Rear facing seats do a extraordinary job of protecting children simply because there is little to no force applied to the head, neck, and spine. When a child is in a rear facing seat, the head, neck and spine are all kept fully aligned and the child is allowed to ride down the crash while the back of the child seat absorbs the bulk of the crash force. The child’s head is contained within the seat, and the child is must less likely to come into contact with anything that might cause head injury.

A comparative analysis of traditional software engineering and agile software development Essay

Various industries handled information and data manually until 1960 when the first software development methodology was hinted. Software development methodologies are key steps in development of information system. Different methodologies have different requirements in terms of cost, time frame, expert requirement, size of the business, maintenance cost, and flexibility in case of changes in the future among others. Therefore, organizations evaluate each methodology in order to come up with the most effect one for their information system development. Software methodology involves a structural framework to plan and manage the processes that are involved in development of information system.Prototyping and dynamic system methodology will be critically evaluated to understand the role of software methodologies in information system development. Dynamic system development methodology                The method ensures frequent delivery of information system in businesses. The methodology is can be reversed during development in case of errors, and the requirement is based on high level and integrated testing throughout lifecycle, which allows collaboration and cooperation between all stakeholders (Association of Modern Technologies, 2014 Software Development Methodologies) Critical evaluation                Since this methodology involves end users and teamwork decision, it forms the best choice for information system development. Future changes can be accommodated since changes are reversible. This methodology follows PRINCE concept since it start with initiation of a project and conclude with crossing of the project. Prototype methodology                In this methodology, incomplete software is created, which differs with the final product (software development and engineering, 2012 n.p.). The methodology makes it possible to evaluate the software during the development process and design before it gets to the final step. The software can also be tried before integration in an organization. This method allows involvement of the users and evaluation during designing phase and thus increasing the likely hood of easier implementation in any organization. Critical evaluation                In this methodology, users, builder and system interaction are mandatory. It requires expertise for both builders and end-users. With this model, time and cost are decreased compared to traditional method, which becomes a major consideration when developing information system. This methodology is applied mostly in situations there is risk uncertainty. This methodology is best applied in managerial systems, as its main objective is planning, direction, controlling and decision-making. This forms one of the choices for information system since users can be able to do a value analysis and investment can be made at relative increments. PRINCE plays an important role in information system development since it establishes the management, control, and application of the appropriate software for information system. It gives more insight about the software developed and provides authenticity of the software, which is important in making information system decisions. Question 2 According to (Bantra et al, (2010 p 383) agile methodology is based on various values such as Individual and interaction over processes and tools, Working software under comprehensive documentation, Customer or end user collaboration over a contract negotiation the and Responding to changes over following a plan                The agile methodology builds flexible information systems that can be upgraded or changes in future (Rao, Naidu, & Chakka, 2011 p. 42). For example, if an organization wants to expand its system, it can build its new information system on the existing system. Hence, the methodology is adopted where future changes in the information system are expected. Time aspect makes this approach cost effective. The methodology involves the end users at every stage making software development process effective and accurate (Aitken & Ilango 2013 4758). In addition, the process is fast and efficient thus ensuring that the information system development easy and economical. The traditional methodologies are fixed and do not allow future changes (Aitken & Ilango 2013 p. 4756). That means that once the information system is developed using the traditional methodology, it will be hard to build a new system using it. The expansions or future changes in the information system require engineers and software developers to start a new system. This is not cost effective for business since they are always in a constant growth and keep on improving their information systems. Thus, agile methodology best suits development of a flexible information system that can be upgraded easily. Question 3                The Structured systems analysis and design method, (SSADM) is one of the widely used methodologies in computer applications in private and public sectors since its inception in 1981. The methodology operates under three principle techniques known as logical data, flow data, and event modelling (Al-Humaidan, & Rossiter, 2011, p 3). Logical data modelling (LDM) technique involves identification and documentation of the necessary data for business or organization information system. The information that the business wants to record on the information systems is identified and documented for inclusion in software development. Consequently, the data flow modelling (DFM) techniques involves identification, modelling and documentation of how the identified data using LDM technique will flow in the information system. It gives details on how various data will be transformed in the system. Then, event modelling (EM) technique identifies and documents the sequence of events in DFM. The techniques help the engineers to develop information system that meets the end users need since it allows participation of all the stakeholders. However, inadequate research may result to development of poor information systems, which may be cost to the business. The SSADM uses various tools that are important in development of information system. Data flow diagram, (DFD) highlights all the data pathways, while other tools such as data dictionary, decision trees and tables give guidelines on data classifications. The tools make operation of the information easier for the end users. Unified modelling language, (UML) is a language used in software engineering. It helps the developers to create a system using a standardized language that can be understood easily by both the participants and the system. The main techniques and tools used are diagram and language structures such as class, interactions and activity diagrams (Al-Humaidan, & Rossiter, 2011, p 4). The main difference between SSADM and UML is that the former interfaces are composed of design dialogue while the latter utilises components and classes of modelled diagrams as interface (Al-Humaidan, & Rossiter, 2011 p. 24-29). In addition, SSADM uses requirement catalogue as the data resources while UML uses modelled stereotype features as data sources. Question 4                Software development approach entails identification the information system issues and making decision of how the issues should be solved and the solution remains viable. Critical evaluation                The approach helps to develop software in a top down development consisting of independent steps that are completed sequentially. The engineers are able to evaluate each step independent and develop consecutive phases based on completed ones. The methodology is fast and effective for development of small information systems. However, methodology is not suitable to develop large information system because it is slow and cumbersome. In addition, the approach is costly and a short term. According to Stoica et al, (2013, p. 68) this method requires product definition, clear understanding of requirements and technology, and expertise and the system is short lived. End users approach                In this approach, the end user is the developer of the software. He or she designs the software such that it is able to meet his or her needs. This is done through modification of commercial off-shelf software (COTs). Critical evaluation                The approach does not involve formal designing of the information system. The approach does not require documentation of the project. The end user is the main controller of the information system developed from this approach. However, it is not fit for large business and lack of documentation limits future changes of the information system would be very hard. Thus, the approach is not economical especially of growing enterprises. When the size of the project is large, the software development approach is based on the cost or budget limitations, timeframe taken by the approach, and the flexibility of the approach. This is because, the organizations designs information systems that are economical in that they does not affect their profitability and operations. Approaches that are cheap and are executed in a short span of time are preferred to others that are costly and take long time before completion References Aitken, A., & Ilango, V. 2013. A comparative analysis of traditional software engineering and agile software development. In  System Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on  (pp. 4751-4760). IEEE. Al-Humaidan, F., & Rossiter, B. N. 2011. A Taxonomy and Evaluation for Systems Analysis Methodologies in a Workflow Context: Structured Systems Analysis Design Method (SSADM), Unified Modelling Language (UML), Unified Process, Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) and Organisation Process Modelling (OPM).  Technical Report Series-University Of Newcastle Upon Tyne Computing Science. Baguio central University 2011.Dynamic System Development Methodology.[Online]. http://www.slideshare.net/mayjoyce89/dynamic-system-development-method. Batra, D., Weidong, X., VanderMeer, D., &Dutta, K. 2010.Balancing Agile and Structured Development Approaches to Successfully Manage Large Distributed Software Projects: A Case Study from the Cruise Line Industry. Communications Of The Association For Information Systems, 27 383. Habib M, 2013. Agile software development methodologies and how to apply them. [Online] Retrieved from http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/604417/Agile-software-development-methodologies-and-how-t.accessed Rao, K. N., Naidu, G. K., & Chakka, P. 2011. A study of the agile software development methods, applicability and implications in industry.  International Journal of Software Engineering and its applications,  5,2, 35-45. Stoica, M., Mircea, M., &Ghilic-Micu, B. 2013. Software Development: Agile vs. Traditional. InformaticaEconomica, 17,4, 64-76. Source document

Data Encryption and Authentication Methods Term Paper

Data Encryption and Authentication Methods - Term Paper Example The recipient's identity is usually established online through digital signatures or certificates. Under this encryption, the user has to manually select the files and folders to be encrypted and run special command/ menu item to encrypt and decrypt the selected objects through certain software. Thus, the user must always remember to encrypt the relevant data before logging off. This gives scope for human errors, where the user might forget to encrypt the data before leaving the system. However, manual encryption is technically more reliable and simple than other forms of encryption.[Cryprite.com] In this form of encryption, encryption is compulsorily done permanently on the disc during every read and write task. The encrypted data is stored in the transparently encrypted volumes. In this type of encryption, encrypted data can only be transferred from computer to computer through diskettes. For the purpose of low level encryption, transparent encryption is the safest way to secure one's data. However, in this type of encryption, there are problems in implementation as it doesn't generally fit into multi-user networks. This kind of encryption involves encrypting the data before and after certain read /write functions are completed or certain confidential files are accessed. When a file is copied or moved, it is ciphered in a secret folder and when it is opened through a standard application, it is deciphered. Again, when the application is to be shut down, the files are enciphered. Thus, at Start up, the encrypted files/folders are deciphered from specified folders/files and enciphered again during shutdown. A disadvantage is that when the data to be encrypted is too large, it may lead to loss of data and reduction in efficiency of the computer. 1 Protection and authentication of data can be also be achieved at three levels : Email and file-encryption The use of passwords while accessing e-mails provides the first level of security. These mails could be encrypted and sent over a secure network by the sender and again decoded and read by the receiver. However, with the use of internet expanding to unlimited proportions, files can be intercepted and sensitive information can be accessed by hackers. It is also possible to hack or send phishing mails through e-mails. Data encryption during transmission using VPNs Transmission encryption technologies include DES (Data Encryption Standard) or AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) .This is a relatively safer way of transmitting information over the internet. A virtual private network cannot be easily accessed by intruders or hackers and information is encrypted using standard procedures like DES or AES. Password encryption on public interfaces An example of asymmetrical key provision; this type of encryption involves the use of a plug point that has to manage keys, decide the algorithm to use for encryption and protect the master key or secret. Classification based on keys : Cryptography is the process of disguising data as cipher text before sending it over a network. This disguised data is encrypted by applying an algorithm to a

Individual Case Study - Managing under uncertainty

Individual - Managing under uncertainty - Case Study Example Another major difference identified is the way by which the companies want to cater to their target segment. Boeing emphasized on the use of point-to-point system whereas Airbus authorities judged hub-and-spoke system to be more effective for the company and deemed it as the future of the airline industry. 1.0 INTRODUCTION This report attempts to investigate the decision making agenda of the two multinational Aerospace and Defence Corporations namely Airbus and Boeing Airlines Company. The case made it evident that the aerospace industry has been witnessing colossal growths since the last few decades as a result of that rivalry among the established players of the industry also reached an intense state. Despite that, the concern of both the companies was associated with the ways by which they can satisfy the rapidly growing market of aerospace. It has been observed that till the late 1990s, the size of aircrafts grew at an even rate, but since then trend begun to shift drastically an d companies started to manufacture both smaller and jumbo aircrafts (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2009; Ward and Tripp, 2013). The motive of the companies operating in the aircraft industry also shifted from enhancing market share to increase the profit. The companies are now apprehensive over the decision pertaining to the way they can capitalize on the opportunities provided by the industry and market. There were clear indications of the differences between the two companies pertaining to the area of concern. According to the authorities of Airbus, the hub-and-spoke system is the future of the airline industry and is probably the most viable option for successfully catering to the needs of the customers. On the contrary, Boeing emphasized on the use of point-to-point system, which they consider to be the pragmatic approach to satisfy the multi dimensional needs of the consumers. Therefore, a great deal of divergence among the decision making parameter exists between the two establ ishments. This report will make use of the sociological perspective to discover the challenges faced by the companies and on the basis of that companies will be subsequently recommended about the line of attack they should undertake to confront the issues. 2. THE DECISION MAKING FRAMEWORK AT BOEING The history of Boeing goes back to the year 1916, when the company begun its operation in Seattle, Washington, U.S. The company was founded by William Boeing and it is currently headquartered at Chicago, Illinois, United States (Pasiuk, 2005). The company was initially incorporated under the name of Pacific Aero products Company, but within one year of operation the name was changed to Boeing Airplane Company. Due to the previous experience of working in timber industry and knowledge on wooden structure, the designing and manufacturing of airplanes was not at all a complicated task for him. Some of the products manufactured by the company include commercial airlines, military aircrafts, s pace systems, and computer systems. 2a. A sociological perspective The parameters on the basis of which the decisions are made have an insightful impact on the efficacy of the decision (Bryant, 2011; Gates, 1999). Scholars have even mentioned that a number of paradigm have profound impact on the decision

Risk management of issues associated with high speed access for Essay

Risk management of issues associated with high speed access for schools and libraries - Essay Example They comprise Trojan horses, viruses, worms, adware, spyware, just to mention but a few. Key-logging is also considered as a malware since it involves using software to record keyboard keys pressed by an in order to monitor their actions of on the computer. All these are considered as criminal activities since they can be used to acquire information from people, as well as invade their privacy without their consent (Vacca 43). Bad work ethics demonstrated by IT workers, librarians, and managers can lead to criminal activities. For instance, if a IT worker gives out access codes that safeguards an organization’s secrets, the secrets may reach the wrong hands. This may have detrimental effects to the organization. On the other hand, a librarian should not give a library’s access codes to a third party who is not registered or is not subscribed to the library. This is because he or she would be breaching the library’s policies as regard to its mode of operation. Lastly, managers, especially bank managers should be careful not reveal their bank’s secret codes. This is because the information may get to the wrong people who may use them to rob the bank. In conclusion, it is essential to note that internet threats affect both individuals and leading organizations. Therefore, it is the responsibility of everyone to be wary of hackers, key-loggers, and malware software. This is because they can be used to acquire vital information that can be detrimental to an individual as well as an

Cherokee removal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cherokee removal - Essay Example The removal has been regarded as a tragic incident in the history of Cherokee nation. They called it Nu Na da ul Tsum yi in their own language that mans a place where they cried. During the Indian removal efforts there were several other nations also removed from the American South and other regions including Choctaws, Chickasaws and Creek Indians etc. The Cherokee nation resisted against the removal efforts and also hired some lawyers to combat with this forces relocation but eventually they had to leave their homes in South and were forcefully moved towards North America. The removal of Cherokees was result of passage of Indian Removal Act by Congress in 1830 in which the federal government was given the power to forcefully relocate any Native American nation from east to west side of the country. The act also affirms that the Native Americans have to be compensated for the removal but in practical the process was not undertook very fairly and the most of the eastern tribes had to face high level of ethnic discrimination from the authorities that eventually caused decline in their numbers (Perdue and Green, p127). The Cherokees were inhabited in Georgia since the 1791 treaty with the U.S government but after the discovery of gold in that place, the government decided to reside white people in Georgia. In 1830, the whites reclaimed their lands but they had to face strong protest from the Cherokees who took the case of the U.S Supreme Court where the decision came out in their favour. In 1838, the U.S. President and Congress forced Native Americans to leave their lands and settle down in their new homes in Indian Territory. Almost one third population of Cherokee nation was died during this process due to which this incident is also referred as Trail of Tears in the history of United States. The efforts of Indian removal were backed by the thought that the Native Americans including Cherokees settled in Georgia and other south states are barrier in the way of p rogress of the nation and it is imperative to remove these people from these lands to carry on the process of development and progression. The government of U.S negotiated with some tribes and convinced them to leave their lands and move towards the other territory however, the Cherokee nation refused and condemn the policy of U.S government and announced their strong opposition for this decision. In 1823, there was a decision made by Supreme Court in which it was decided that the Indians only have the right to occupy lands in US but they don’t have right to hold the title for these lands because their right of occupancy is not powerful as the US right of discovery. It was a great threat to the Indians and the Cherokees responded towards this policy with great concern and worried. They formulated the policies of restricting the sale of the land to the government so that they could protect it from going into the hands of the government and white people. \ The Cherokees adopted several nonviolent policies in response to the US Indian removal policies. They has several options in front of them however they adopted Anglo American practice and got involved in some constructive activities and developments like large scale farming, seeking western education and slave holding etc. As a result of these efforts they were regarded as the civilized Indian tribe however, these steps made the whites indignant

Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Diversity - Essay Example Cultural competence affirms the individual worth and facilitates in the protection of individual dignity. This process entails certain policies, practices and attitudes that increase the quality of services received by individual (Meidl & Meidl, 2011). Accordingly, all learning institutions must encourage and respect diversity in their learning policies and practices. Mary Beth Klotz (2006) asserts defines a culturally competent school as the one that honors, values and respects diversity in both teaching and learning in order to make the learning meaning and relevant to students with different cultural backgrounds (Marx & Byrnes, 2012). Ethnic diversity Students who experience negative stereotypes tend to have low self-esteem thus struggling with their academic work. Cultural differences affect language processing, social status and perceptual abilities. For instance, African-Americans of all grades experience negative schooling environment. Accordingly, White students account for 5 6 percent of students while African Americans account for 15 percent. English language learners of Latino ethnic background experience the highest dropouts. The rate of school dropout among White students is only 5.2 percent while compared with a high of 17.6 percent among Latinos and 9.3 percent among African American students (Marx & Byrnes, 2012). Teachers modify their approach to teaching depending on the varying perceptions and expectations of the students (Marx & Byrnes, 2012). The teachers must foster positive engagement through encouraging self-esteem in order to promote active participation of all students in the classroom. For students with English language difficulties, the teachers must respect the native language of the child. A cooperative learning strategy will address ethnic diversity through role-playing and encouraging students to work as a group (Marx & Byrnes, 2012). Accordingly, teachers can bridge the ethnic differences through positively talking about the diff erences and persuading the students to refrain from ethnic stereotyping (Marx & Byrnes, 2012). Intellectual challenge like learning disability Students with learning disabilities have low academic outcomes. Accordingly, this category of students has trouble in learning due to low perceptual skills and motor skills (Novak & Bartelheim, 2012). However, numerous pedagogical strategies accommodate students with learning disabilities. The teacher must be aware of the level of learning disability and implement a individual education plan that accommodates the learning needs of the student (Novak & Bartelheim, 2012). One of the strategies entails providing an outline of the course content and enough opportunities for the student to practice. The teacher can also use teamwork and encourage the students to play different roles within the learning group (Novak & Bartelheim, 2012). Culturally relevant pedagogy Teaching and learning in a culturally diverse classroom requires the understanding a nd respect of the cultures (Novak & Bartelheim, 2012). Cultural stereotypes and privileges disadvantage some students thus teachers must build alliances across the cultures in order to eradicate discrimination in learning. The teacher can incorporate issues dealing with ethnic background and culture in order to enable the students appreciate and respect the unique cultural differences (Thurlow, 2005).

W 10 Employment Impact-Discussion- environmental Essay

W 10 Employment Impact-Discussion- environmental - Essay Example n that arises is whether environmental conservation will result in net loss or gain or no change in the total number of jobs creation in a given country, Environmental improvement deals with both technological as well as green environment. Therefore, when technological environment improvement, it proportionally lowers the chances of job creation as in; it does replace human manual work to machine era. As a result, this eliminates the possibility of providing a wide spectrum for human job environment. On the contrary, when green environment is improved, it in returns gives rise to jobs in any country. For instance, if high carbon economy is lowered to the low-carbon economy, this will alternatively increase the chances of having more jobs. Evidently, the research done by â€Å"national environmental program† has it that, if green environment is improved it will rise the number of jobs. Statistically,15 to 60n million of jobs will be created if green environment is emphasized, in the near future as says Juan Somavia. In conclusion, basing to the environment improvement (whether technological or green environment) leads to either net gain in a job or net loss. Technological improvement does replace human manual work to machine work hence discouraging net total job gain. On the other hand, green environment improvement encourages net total gain in job creation in any country. To curb it all, I do concur that gain, loss or stagnation of total jobs in a country and the job, is based on the specific environmental

Management and interpersonal relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management and interpersonal relations - Essay Example It would not happen overnight, and thus I shall find ways and means to get the tasks reach the finished stage with acumen and intellect, shown by the employees themselves. The management part derives its basis from a number of factors, most significant of which remain the controlling, organizing and leading tenets. The management domains depend a great deal on how leaders are able to re-collect themselves after they had had a difficult time coping up with the employees which have not produced results. What this means is the fact that management comes of age and tells the employees what exactly is required of them, and how they shall go about delivering results with a sense of purpose and hard work on their part. Hence an understanding of the management premise is all the more significant in the time and age of today because employees are giving in their best and producing results that are based on the long term, and finding solutions which bring value towards the business realms. It is always a wise proposition to make sure that business entity remains supreme so that success is managed easily by the employers and the employees in the long term scheme of things. It would settle quite a few scores as far as management’s competition levels are concerned. My philosophy of interpersonal relations are such that these depend a great deal on how the human resources management and the top management in combination with one another depict the aspect of bringing in a change which is for the betterment of the organizational environment in the long range scheme of things. Interpersonal relations always come to the fore whenever a prospective employee wishes to join an organization. He would like to know what kind of environment exists within the organization’s realms and what the organization is doing to make sure that the employees remain cordial and jovial in each other’s company. This is important because interpersonal relations always seem to bring a positive or a negative connotation for the sake of the organization in the long range scheme of things, and is the marked difference between how prospective employees would like to come to terms with such companies in the future. It also speaks highly of the business entities wh ich are renowned for their working conditions and the ones that are not so famous for having the best possible relations amongst its employees (Hayes, 2002). The need is to have the best possible interpersonal relations within an organization’s realms so that people become attracted in joining it within the future. The interpersonal relations are always deemed as significant for any business enterprise because it sets the basis for organizational growth and harmony across the ranks. It makes things easier within an organization because the employers know that their employees would not start fighting with each other, instead they will remain calm and contented with what they have and how they will achieve success for not only their own selves but also for the end goals and objectives that the organization has set for its own self. This is a very quintessential aspect because it is being spoken about more and more in this day and age. Hence my understanding of the philosophy of interpersonal

Shamma Al Rathy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shamma Al Rathy - Essay Example ill be charged for the architects' services instead of at cost, significantly increase the company's assets and, correspondingly, the shareholders equity; Such "unbilled" receivables may mislead if they include also uncompleted stages of the projects. It would be recommended to reflect the projects at cost. At the end of reporting period ongoing projects should be evaluated, percentage of their completion estimated, and corresponding revenue recognized. 6. Premium Coupons: From consumers' point of view these coupons add value and promote purchase of coffee, so cost of redeemed coupons should apply to the sales revenue of coffee; Given that the company can reasonably estimate from previous experience percentage of the coupons that will be redeemed in the future and that the sale of promotion coffee has already been maid, allowance for the 10% of outstanding coupons should be applied to the 2004 sales revenues for coffee. 7. Travelers Checks: Bank records 1.5% fee as its revenue; American Express records increase in the checks outstanding and unearned revenue. 8. Product Repurchase Agreement: Neither of the manufacturers has revenue in 2004: Manufacturer A should not recognize AED 600,000 as revenue because of possible repurchase of the product in the future, Wholesaler B does not have revenue because compensation for its services will be paid only in July of the following year. 9. Franchises: The initial services (training, introduction to the referral system, and marketing aids) are provided during the year when the agreement is signed. 75% of the receipts come from the annual fees. The company should recognize the initial franchise fee as revenue in the same year the agreement is signed, or allocate it between two or three first years. If the market becomes saturated,...Trees left to grow for one more year are equivalent to work-in-process inventory for manufacturing companies. On-going projects reflected at the rates at which the customers will be charged for the architects' services instead of at cost, significantly increase the company's assets and, correspondingly, the shareholders equity; It would be recommended to reflect the projects at cost. At the end of reporting period ongoing projects should be evaluated, percentage of their completion estimated, and corresponding revenue recognized. Given that the company can reasonably estimate from previous experience percentage of the coupons that will be redeemed in the future and that the sale of promotion coffee has already been maid, allowance for the 10% of outstanding coupons should be applied to the 2004 sales revenues for coffee. The company should recognize the initial franchise fee as revenue in the same year the agreement is signed, or allocate it between two or three first years. If the market becomes saturated, the company's profits are likely to drop 25% in comparison with the previous year and then be kept at the same level.

Places like Bosnia Essay Example for Free

Places like Bosnia Essay The language used in both the passages are mostly narrative and the writers have elaborate the whole passages by comparing the two cities with many different things like human features, countryside, places like Bosnia. But in between the first passage there are some direct speeches like, it wassumpin in (line17-18) said by the cashier at white plains. There is a ironical language used in the first passage (line27) which says how not to kill their kids actually meaning how to bare or tolerate with their kids while they are stuck in the house and have to spent their whole day with them. The writers have used a lot of stylistic devices in the passages, one of them is simile which is used in both of the passages, like in passage one (line 22) which says This isnt Bosnia but it sure looks like it meaning that though New York is not Bosnia, the very cold weather and the heavy snowfall in New York does makes it look like Bosnia. On the other hand, simile used in the second passage is It was mounded like white eyebrows above the windows of the houses(line 2-3) reflecting a very beautiful image of the environment by comparing the thick snow above the window with the white eyebrows of human. Regarding metaphor, it is used only once in the first passage, that is Sanitary commissioner John Doherty, whomthe wayto fight war(line 24-26) which is the comparison between the Sanitary commissioner who removes the snows and the military general who knows how to fight the war. In this passage snowfall is compared with the war because it stopped everything in the city like airports, people and other working institutions and the sanitary commissioner with the military general. Whereas, there are two metaphors in the second passage. The first one is, and it had blown against the brick walls and stuck, making beards hang from the sills.(line 3-5). This metaphor compares the snow hanging from the sills of the houses with the beard, which also hangs from the chin of men and the other one is it was as if, in the night, the city had been removed and in its place an empty countryside of simple hills had appeared. (line 13-15) meaning that the city looks like a countryside because the snow had stopped every single voice and the countrysides are usually very calm and quiet place compare to the cities. The first passage starts with one of the literacy device called personification of word sleep on a non-living things like cities, which is One minute The City That never sleeps(line 1) through this line, the writer wants to tell us that the city of New York is one of the cosmopolitan cities in the world. While continuing the line, I come across one more stylistic device used in (line 1-2) again which says That Never sleeps was struggling to wake up from its ongoing New years hangover, this line shows the paradox of words never sleep and trying to wake up in the passage, meaning that the people are very tired and are struggling to wake up the next day after doing a lot of things like party on the new year eve. Whereas there is no paradox and personification used in the second passage, but there is another stylistic device called anamatopia used in (line 29) and that is The snows stopped the yip-yap, in which yip yap showing the sounds of people, birds and all other things like automobiles. Mr. Theroux also make used of alliteration like feathery from the flakes(line 25) which reflects the meaning that the snowfall had made the window panes look very soft. The writer also make use of assonance in the second passage, one of which is fence was encased (line 6), meaning that the snow is so thick that the fence is all covered with the snow and it looks like as if there is no fence. The other one is city was simplified meaning that the city now looks very simple like the countryside. There is one more stylistic device use by the writer in the second passage that is consonant, (line 21) which says, snow had shut out every sound making the sound S which usually reflects the sound shh! And which is usually use by the people to say Be quiet. Imagery is also use by the writer as one of the devices, (line 11-15)The Chelsea floursimple hills had appeared. Leading us to imagine the mill is all covered with the snow and it looks like a mountain now, likewise, the city also looks like a countryside having hills all around. Whereas in the first passage, Mr. Jones make use of repetition, as the word snow-hack is used again and again in lines (16,21 and 29) While analysing and comparing these two passages which are about the snowfall, but are written in such different ways that, in the first passage, New York city is described very disturbed and busy. Whereas the writer of the second passage has described London as a city which is very calm and still. The first passage seems very boring because Mr. Jones is repeatedly talking about the medias reaction towards this blizzard of 96. Whereas the second passage is quite interesting compare to the first one. On the whole the two passages are quite different from each other even though both of them are something about snowfall.

Social Work Domestic Violence

Social Work Domestic Violence Domestic violence: a brief critical analysis of impact and interventions built on a definitional, historical, and theoretical foundation. Introduction The introductory quotation by Desdemona expresses her fear of Othello’s rage (Shakespeare, 1604, cited in Meyersfeld, 2003) at the same time eloquently conveying the terror implicit in domestic violence and demonstrating that domestic violence is not a new phenomenon. Neither is domestic violence a rare occurrence. According to the British government, domestic violence affects millions of lives. The following statistics are quoted from the official government website (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005): one in four women and one in six men will be victims of domestic violence in their lifetime with women at greater risk of repeat victimisation and serious injury; 89 percent of those suffering four or more incidents are women; one incident of domestic violence is reported to the police every minute; on average, two women a week are killed by a current or former male partner; and domestic violence accounts for 16 percent of all violent crime. This essay will demonstrate that the issue of domestic violence is a complex one, much more complex than the term itself might convey. Indeed, domestic violence is complex in terms of its very definition, complex in terms of its theoretical explanations, complex in terms of gender relevance, complex in terms of its effects, and complex in terms of interventions to prevent and deal with its occurrence. The essay begins with a presentation and critique of various definitions for domestic violence, an exploration of the historical evolution of domestic violence as a societal concern, and a discussion and critique of theoretical explanations for domestic violence including consideration of the relevance of gender. This foundation will be used as a basis for exploring the impact of domestic violence upon its direct and indirect victims and the value and efficacy of the current resources, initiatives, and support networks used in combating domestic violence and assisting its victims. Final ly, concluding remarks will be presented. A Critique on Definitions of Domestic Violence Finding a generally-accepted definition for domestic violence proved to be an elusive endeavor. This may be because there is no consensus definition of the term (Laurence and Spalter-Roth, 1996; Contemporary Womens Issues Database, May 1996; Contemporary Womens Issues Database, July 1996). Each writer seems to define the term to fit his or her topic or agenda. For instance, Chez (1994, cited   in Gibson-Howell, 1996), in focusing on female victims of domestic violence, defines the term as â€Å"the repeated subjection of a woman to forceful physical, social, and psychological behavior to coerce her without regard to her rights.† Some definitions are basic and general: â€Å"a pattern of regularly occurring abuse and violence, or the threat of violence, in an intimate (though not necessarily cohabitating) relationship† (Gibson-Howell, 1996, citing Loring and Smith, 1994). Other definitions are comprehensive and specific (Manor, 1996; Neufield, 1996; Asian Pages, 1998; Josiah, 1998; Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 1999; Danis, 2003; Verkaik, 2003). The more comprehensive definitions, although phrased differently, typically possess the following common elements: a pattern of abusive behavior (as contrasted to a single event); the abusive behavior involves control, coercion, and/or power; the abusive behavior may be physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, and/or financial; and the victim of the abusive behavior is a cohabitating or non-cohabitating intimate partner or spouse. The British government has adopted one of the more expansive descriptions of domestic violence, one that includes all of the foregoing elements: â€Å"Any incident of threatening behaviour, violence or abuse (psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional) between adults who are or have been intimate partners or family members, regardless of gender or sexuality. Beyond the basic definition, the government furnishes further description of domestic violence as â€Å"a pattern of abusive and controlling behaviour† by which the abuser attempts to gain power over the victim. The government contends that domestic violence crosses age, gender, racial, sexuality, wealth, and geographical lines. (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005) Interestingly, the definition offered by the government expands the description to include other â€Å"family members† in addition to â€Å"intimate partners.† Historical Evolution of the Recognition of Domestic Violence as a Societal Concern The issue of domestic violence, particularly violence against female spouses, was a topic of societal concern dating from the first marriage law instituted by Romulus in 75 B.C. But the concern was not in preventing domestic violence; to the contrary; the concern was in support of â€Å"wife beating†Ã¢â‚¬â€legally and institutionally—a condition that existed through the early twentieth century. (Danis, 2003, citing Dobash and Dobash, 1979). English common law, until the late nineteenth century, â€Å"structured marriage to give a husband superiority over his wife in most aspects of the relationship.† This â€Å"sanctioned superiority† gave the husband the right to â€Å"command his wife’s obedience, and subject her to corporal punishment or ‘chastisement’ if she defied his authority.† (Tuerkheimer, 2004, citing Siegel, 1996) The beginning of the twentieth century witnessed the dismantling of laws specifically condoning control and violence; however, the laws were not replaced by codes that protected victims from abuse. Instead, â€Å"marital privacy† became the standard. Essentially, abuse was considered to be a family problem, not one in which society had an interest. (Turekheimer, 2004) Not until the feminist movement of the late 1960s and 1970s was public interest in domestic violence piqued (Danis, 2003, citing Schechter, 1982). With little public or private funding, feminist activists set up shelters for female victims of domestic violence. They also pressed for laws to punish offenders and promoted training of social workers and other professions to recognize domestic violence and treat its victims. (Contemporary Women’s Issues Database, May 1996). From these humble beginnings, over the last thirty-plus years, public awareness has been enhanced dramatically, increasing amounts of public and private funding have been allocated for shelters, domestic violence laws have been strengthened, and social workers and other professionals (e.g. school personnel, healthcare professionals, police officers) have been trained to recognize signs of, and provide treatment to those affected by, domestic violence. Today, in the early years of the new millennium, the way in which society views domestic violence is continuing to evolve. Physical abuse of wives was the initial focus of intervention initiatives. Drawing on research presented earlier, sexual, emotional, psychological, and financial abuse have been added to physical abuse as types of domestic violence. And, many definitions of victims of domestic violence now include, in addition to wives, husbands and domestic partners of the same or different sex. Increasingly, too, children in the domestic arrangement are being included as victims of domestic violence. Theoretical Explanations for Domestic Violence and the Relevance of Gender Just as there is a lack of consensus on a single definition for domestic violence, â€Å"there is no single recognized causal theory for domestic violence.† In the absence of a single theory, at least four theories are used to explain why domestic violence occurs: social exchange/deterrence, social learning, feminist, and the ecological framework. (Danis, 2003) These theories, with their relevance to domestic violence, will be presented and critiqued in this section. A discussion of the relevance of gender in domestic violence will close out the section. Under the social exchange theory, human interaction is driven by pursuing rewards and avoiding punishments and costs. (Danis, 2003, citing Blau, 1964). Gelles and Cornell (1985, 1990, cited in Danis, 2003) contend that domestic violence occurs when costs do not outweigh rewards. Costs in this context include the potential for defensive physical action by the victim, potential of being arrested and imprisoned, loss of personal status, and dissolution of the domestic arrangement. The social learning theory suggests that people learn to be violent by being immediately rewarded or punished after they commit violent behavior, through what is called reinforcement, and by watching the experiences of others, called modeling (Danis, 2003, citing Bandura, 1973). According to some experts, there is a correlation between people who witness abusive behavior in their earlier lives and those who commit domestic violence later. (Danis, 2003, citing O’Leary, 1987). According to feminist theory, domestic violence emanates from a â€Å"patriarchal† school system which assigns men the responsibility for controlling and managing female partners (Danis, 2003, citing Dobash and Dobash, 1979; Yllo, 1993). Under this theory, domestic violence is attributed to a flaw in societal structure rather than to any specific individual male pathology. Finally, the ecological framework theory, in contending that no single theory can be used in explaining or predicting domestic violence, proposes risk factors for domestic violence and interventions to address it at three levels—the micro level (e.g. batterer programs), the meso level (e.g. police and the courts), and the macro level (e.g. a coordinated community approach). (Danis, 2003, citing Crowell and Burgess, 1996; Chalk and King, 1998). Each of these four theories offers valuable insight into domestic violence. For instance, the social exchange theory offers a basis for law enforcement and prosecution of offenders; the social learning theory helps to explain why children who witness abuse sometimes grow up to be abusers themselves thereby providing rationale for corrective interventions to â€Å"unlearn† abusive behavior; and the feminist theory supports interventions targeted at helping batterers to reform and helping to empower victims. But none of these theories seems to provide a comprehensive foundation on which a comprehensive approach for dealing with the many causal and outcome dimensions of domestic violence can be built. The more integrated ecological framework theory, however, seems to furnish the needed basis for such a comprehensive approach. Now attention will turn to the topic of the relevance of gender in domestic violence. Historically, as mentioned earlier, wives were considered to be the only victims of domestic violence. Today, husbands as well as same- or different-sex non-married partners are considered to be victims as well (Cruz, 2003).   Although the statistics vary significantly (Leo, 1994), some indicating that the same number of men as women are victims of domestic violence (Leo, 1994; Simerman, 2002), most experts agree than women are most often the victims and, when they are victimized, the damage is usually more serious. The indication that women are most often victims has now gained official recognition. The British government contends that, although domestic violence is not restricted to a specific gender, â€Å"it consists mainly of violence by men against women.† (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005) The Potential Impact of Domestic Violence on Females, Mothers, and Children According to the Contemporary Women’s Issues Database (January 1996), â€Å"the most common victims (of domestic violence) are women and children.† With the acknowledgement that domestic violence affects men as well as women, the focus of the discussion in this section will be on the potential impact of domestic violence on females, generally, and on females in their role as mothers as well as on their children. Domestic violence against women can result in serious physical injuries, psychological trauma, and mental strain (Wha-soon, 1994). According to Wha-soon, physical injuries include â€Å"severe headaches, bruises, bone fractures, loss of eyesight, nervous paralysis, insomnia and indigestion,† and psychological trauma can include â€Å"anxiety, a sense of powerlessness, and a loss of self-respect and self-confidence.† Psychological effects can lead to suicide in some cases. Winkvist (2001) echoes these psychological effects and adds that battered women are also more likely to experience sexual and reproductive health disorders. Effects are not restricted to those that are physical and psychological in nature, however. Women can be financially impacted as well. Brown and Kenneym (1996) contend that women, in an effort to flee their attackers, may â€Å"give up financial security and their homes† in favor of safety. Mothers may experience additional negative effects from domestic violence. Starr (2001) contends that domestic violence against mothers â€Å"is associated with harmful implications for mental health and parenting, as well as for the offspring.† According to Starr, mothers who are in an environment of domestic violence suffer worse outcomes for themselves and for their children. Isaac (1997) suggests that abuse of mothers and children are linked, stating that from thirty to almost sixty percent of mothers reported for child abuse were themselves abused. Hewitt (2002) claims that ninety percent of occurrences of domestic violence are witnessed either directly or indirectly by children. Children can be affected in at least two ways by domestic violence. According to the British government, they can be traumatized by violence they witness against others in the relationship even when they are not the specific targets of the violence (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005). According to Hewitt (2002), children suffer low self-esteem, isolation, trauma, and homelessness that they may not manifest until later in life. They may also suffer from maladies such as worry, sadness, focus and concentration difficulties, forgetfulness, headaches and stomachaches, lying, and â€Å"poor impulse control,† according to Salisbury and Wichmann (2004). Importantly, there is also a strong correlation between domestic violence and child abuse, a point which reinforces Isaac’s position mentioned earlier (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005). Edleson (1999, cited in Spath, 2003) takes the same position in stating that â€Å"numerous research studies over the last several decades have reported a connection between domestic violence and child maltreatment within families.† And, finally, as mentioned earlier, the social learning theory would suggest that children who witness violence learn that violence is an acceptable way to settle disputes. Supporting this, Wha-soon (1994) writes that the â€Å"learning of violence causes a cycle of violence.† An Assessment of the Value and Efficacy of Domestic Violence Interventions Methods for dealing with domestic violence generally fall into three categories: prevention, protection, and justice (M2 Presswire, 1998). As the terms imply, prevention attempts to avert incidences of domestic violence through methods such as education and counseling; protection involves attempts to prevent further injury through methods such as removing victims from the situation and ordering offenders to stay away from their victims; and justice involves retribution against domestic violence offenders. The value and efficacy of prevention, protection, and justice methods used in dealing with domestic violence are difficult to measure. A reason for this was mentioned earlier: the lack of a consensus definition for domestic violence itself. (Contemporary Women’s Issues Database, May 1996). Nevertheless, there has been some attempt at measuring performance anecdotally. According to the Contemporary Women’s Issues Database (April 1993): â€Å"Currently, the two most common forms of social intervention are mechanisms that help her to leave (such as emergency shelters) and having him arrested†¦(but) neither of these interventions is ideal.† And, police and judicial interventions do not seem to fair much better as illustrated by the case of Samuel Gutierrez who killed his domestic partner, Kelly Gonzalez, in Chicago, Illinois in the United States after multiple beatings, arrests, and various court interventions (Hanna, 1998). That domestic violence still exists as such a serious social problem is probably the best evidence that current methods for preventing it, protecting its victims, and exacting justice on offenders are not working especially well. Perhaps the future will be brighter. Newer perspectives, such as that offered by the ecological framework theory, offer some hope. It seems that taking a comprehensive, integrated approach could potentially be substantially more effective as the various public and private components work together in a cooperative, synergistic arrangement with one goal—the welfare of the potential or actual victim. One expert even suggests that this combined public-private approach could be enhanced further by adding a third component—the family (nuclear family, extended family, intimate family, close relationships)—to the formal, integrated support arrangement (Kelly, 2004). Conclusion Public and private organizations continue to increase their attention to domestic violence. In the United Kindgom, The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 furnishes greater authority to police and the courts in dealing with cases of domestic violence and in providing protection to victims. Aditionally, the British government’s recently issued national domestic violence action plan sets forth ambitious goals (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic Violence, 2005) quoted as follows: reduce the prevalence of domestic violence; increase the rate that domestic violence is reported; increase the rate of domestic violence offences that are brought to justice; ensure victims of domestic violence are adequately protected and supported nationwide; and reduce the number of domestic violence related homicides. Returning to the introductory quotation, had Shakespeare’s Desdemona been alive today, perhaps she would have some hope that she would not forever be in such great fear of Othello’s rage. References Asian Pages (1998) What is domestic violence? November 14, 1998. Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley Sons. Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Brown, Karen R. and Kenneym, Catherine T. (1996) Report from the front lines: The impact of violence on poor women [Part 1 of 5]. Contemporary Womens Issues Database, January 1, 1996. Chalk, R., King, A. (1998). (Eds.). Violence in families: Assessing prevention and treatment programs. Washington, DC: National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Chez, N (1994) Helping the victim of domestic violence. American Nursing 1994;94(7):32-37. Cited in Cited in Gibson-Howell, Joan C. (1996) Domestic violence identification and referral. Journal of Dental Hygiene, March 1, 1996. Contemporary Women’s Issues Database (1996) Domestic and sexual violence data collection [Part 3 of 9], July 1, 1996. Contemporary Women’s Issues Database (1996) Measuring the costs of domestic violence against women and the cost-effectiveness of interventions [Part 1 of 6], May 1, 1996. Contemporary Women’s Issues Database (1993) Men beating women: Ending domestic violence—a qualitative and quantitative study of public attitudes on violence against women [Part 3 of 7], April 1, 1993. Contemporary Womens Issues Database (1996) You or someone you know may live in a home where domestic violence is a problem, January 1, 1996. CrimeReduction.gov.uk (2005), Domestic violence http://www.crimereduction.gov.uk/domesticviolence51.htm, April 4, 2005 [April 11, 2005]. CrimeReduction.gov.uk (2005), Domestic violence mini-site http://www.crimereduction.gov.uk/dv01.htm, April 4, 2005 [April 9, 2005]. Crowell, N. A., and Burgess, A. W. (1996). (Eds.). Understanding violence against women. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Cruz, J. Michael (2003) Why doesnt he just leave? Gay male domestic violence and the reasons victims stay. The Journal of Mens Studies, March 22, 2003. Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Dobash, R. E., and Dobash, R. (1979). Violence against wives: A case against the patriarchy. New York: Free Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Edleson, J. L. (1999). The overlap between child maltreatment and woman battering. Violence Against Women, 5(2), 134-154. Cited in Spath, Robin (2003) Child protection professionals identifying domestic violence indicators: implications for social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, September 22, 2003. Gelles, R. J., Cornell, C. P. (1985). Intimate violence in families. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Gelles, R. J., Cornell, C. P. (1990). Intimate violence in families (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Gibson-Howell, Joan C. (1996) Domestic violence identification and referral. Journal of Dental Hygiene, March 1, 1996. Hanna, Cheryl (1998) The paradox of hope: the crime and punishment of domestic violence. William and Mary Law Review, May 1, 1998. Hewitt, Kim (2002), Silent victims of violence in home. The News Letter (Belfast, Northern Ireland), September 14, 2002. Isaac, Nancy E. (1997) Response to battered mothers in the pediatric emergency department: a call for an interdisciplinary approach to family violence. Pediatrics, February 1, 1997. Josiah, Ivy (1998) Education through radio. Contemporary Womens Issues Database, January 2, 1998. Kelly, Kristin A. (2004) Working together to stop domestic violence: state-community partnerships and the changing meaning of public and private. Journal of Sociology Social Welfare, March 1, 2004. Laurence, Louise and Spalter-Roth, Roberta (1996) Research-in-brief: Measuring the costs of domestic violence against women [Part 1 of 2] Contemporary Womens Issues Database, January 1, 1996. Leo, John (1994) Is it a war against women? U.S. News World Report, July 11, 1994. Loring, M. T. and Smith, R. W. (1994) Health care barriers and interventions for battered women. Public HealthReports 1994;109(3):322-329. Cited in Gibson-Howell, Joan C. (1996) Domestic violence identification and referral. Journal of Dental Hygiene, March 1, 1996. M2 Presswire (1998) Home Office: Prevention, protection and justice: A comprehensive approach to tackle domestic violence, June 16, 1998. Manor, John H. (1996) Helping abusers out of the domestic violence equation. Michigan Chronicle, January 30, 1996. Meyersfeld, Bonita C. (2003) Reconceptualizing domestic violence in international law. Albany Law Review, December 22, 2003. Neufield, Brenda (1996) SAFE questions: overcoming barriers to the detection of domestic violence. American Family Physician, June 1, 1996. OLeary, K. D. (1987). Physical aggression between spouses: A social learning theory perspective. In V. B. Van Hasselt, R. L. Morrison, A. S. Bellack, M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of family violence (pp. 31-55). New York: Plenum Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Salisbury, Sarah and Wichmann, Lee Anne (2004), Seen or unseen, domestic violence traumatizes children. The Register-Guard, August 29, 2004. Schechter, S. (1982) Women and male violence: The visions and struggles of the battered womens movement. Boston: South End Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Seattle Post-Intelligencer (1999) Domestic violence: Give us statistics we can work with. July 16, 1999. Shakespeare, William (1604), Othello act 5. sc. 2. Edited by Sanders, Norman. Cambridge University Press, 1984. Cited in Meyersfeld, Bonita C. (2003) Reconceptualizing domestic violence in international law. Albany Law Review, December 22, 2003. Siegel, Reva B. (1996), The rule of love: Wife beating as prerogative and privacy, 105 YALE L.J. 2117. Tuerkheimer, Deborah (2004), Recognizing and remedying the harm of battering: A call to criminalize domestic violence. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, June 22, 2004. Simerman, John (2002) Men, too, fall victim to abuse in big numbers. Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service, November 25, 2002. Spath, Robin (2003) Child protection professionals identifying domestic violence indicators: implications for social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, September 22, 2003. Starr, Raymond H., Jr. (2001) Type and timing of mothers victimization: effects on mother and children. Pediatrics, April 1, 2001. Tuerkheimer, Deborah (2004), Recognizing and remedying the harm of battering: A call to criminalize domestic violence. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, June 22, 2004. Verkaik, Robert (2003) One man in six `a victim of domestic violence. The Independent, September 24, 2003. Wha-soon, Byun (1994) A study on the prevention of and countermeasures against domestic violence [Part 1 of 2]. Contemporary Womens Issues Database, January 1, 1994. Winkvist, Anna (2001) Researching domestic violence against women: Methodological and ethical considerations. Studies in Family Planning, March 1, 2001. Yllo, K. A. (1993). Through a feminist lens: Gender, power, and violence. In R. J. Gelles D. R. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies on family violence (pp. 47-62). Newbury Park, GA: Sage Publications. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003.

The Importance Of Strategic Marketing Plan For Nestle Marketing Essay

The Importance Of Strategic Marketing Plan For Nestle Marketing Essay The definition of FMCG is Fast Moving Consumer Goods which is alternative for CPG (consumer packaged goods) inclusive of production, marketing and distribution. FMCG are durables that are consumed regularly. The industry involves selling, supply chain management, production, financing, activities that generate an income on sales due to fast turnover. The purchase cycle of some of these items is small in comparison to other durables. 1.1 FMCG industry economy FMCG is wide industry with many competitors. The number of manufacturers is growing. The investment in this industry is also growing. 1.2 Common FMCG products Some of the examples of FMCG products are: * Coffee, * Tea, * Dry cells, * Greeting cards, * Gifts, * Detergents, * Tobacco and cigarettes, * Watches, * Soaps, * Plastic goods, * Paper products, * Batteries, * Bulbs, * Cosmetics Some common FMCG product categories include: * Food and dairy products, * Glassware, * Paper products, * Pharmaceuticals, * Consumer electronics, * packaged food products, * Printing and stationery, * Household products, * Photography, * Drinks One of the leading companies in Sri Lanka that is well known for FMCG is Nestles. 2.0 Introduction Nestle Lanka PLC deals in the manufacturing of food and beverages in Sri Lanka .The food items are mainly dairy products. The company produces noodles and coconut milk powder products too. The brand names used by Nestle Lanka PLC are, NESTOMALT, MAGGI, NESPRAY, MILO, and CERELAC. This company in globally situated with the Head office in Sri Lanka. 3.0 Areas looked into in the strategic plan Introduction SWOT Analysis STPD Analysis BGC Matrix Michael Porters Five Forces Model Brand Recall Value Future Trends Marketing Strategy Marketing Targets from the financial year 2010-2011 The 4 Ps-Products, Promotion, Price, Place Marketing Research Marketing Budget Implementation Controls 3.1 The Noodle Market Basically made of flour under modern production facilities. Each production requires a good for consumption certification. Other than bread noodles in Sri Lanka has a quite a large demand. Noodles differ according to the raw material used. It also differentiated according to the size of the noodle. Some of the popular noodles are Rice vermicelli in Sri Lanka, Beehoon in Malaysia, Mee fun in China, Bifun in Japan, and the list goes on. But the largest consumption is by China and Japan. 3.1.1 Maggi Noodles Maggi is very popular among Sri Lankan as the 2 minutes noodle. This is an instant product. Although this was popular among busy women in the urban areas, the semi urban women who made it a point to cook each day, was extremely concerned of the nutrition value of the food that their children had turned a blind eye to this product. Although there was a lot of money spent on advertising, Maggi sales were slow. Months of research showed Nestles that there target market was wrong. They needed to target the children for they were the ones who enjoyed the flavour. Maggi moved from being a convenient product to fun product. The slogan went on to say Fast to cook, good to eat. Maggi was aggressively promoted by sponsoring childrens events, giving free samples, media advertising showing a 2 minute preparation to feed hungry children after play. The sole purpose being communicated of the benefits and convenience of this 2 minutes meal.5.JPG It was in late 2000 that the instant soupy noodles were introduced. The ad will bring a smile in many as you hear the words Appi podi sellamak karamu, Ammi kiyana kota kanna, bonna In addition Nestles offered other Maggi products like sauces, ketchups, seasonings, etc., but the noodles was the most popular of them all. There was a decline in the market with Prima put out an instant noodle that was palatable to Sri Lankans called Prima Kottu Mee. But Nestles was quick to counter act with spice flavoured Maggi noodles, which helped win back the lost market share. There after Maggi had very little competition, till early 2008 when information spread on the unhealthiness of the substance in the sachet. 4.0 SWOT Analysis SWOT analyses Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of the business. SWOT looks in-depth into internal and external factors that affect the objective of Nestles noodles. Strengths Market leader, Brand loyalty, Distribution channels, Advertising strategy Weaknesses Heavily dependent on One flavour ,Minor distribution problems, Health related issues Opportunities Unexploited rural markets, Increasing number of working youth, Innovative flavours for Sri Lankan taste buds Threats Strong presence of regional competitors, Competitive pricing (Prima), Affinity of Sri Lankan to Chinese food 5.0 STPD Analysis of Maggi Noodles Segmentation: Based on lifestyle and habits of urban families Targeting: Kids, Office goers Positioning: With statements such as 2 minute noodles and Easy to cook, good to eat Differentiation: Taste, Flavours, Packaging 6.0 BCG matrix The BCG matrix is known in many names. (Aka B.C.G. analysis, B.C.G.-matrix, Boston Box, Boston Consulting Group analysis) The creator is Bruce Henderson for the Boston Consulting Group in 1970. Helps businesses to use analytical tools to allocate resources in strategic management. bcg.bmp 6.1 Michael Porters Five Forces Model Porters five forces were developed by Michael E. Porter in 1980. This is an analysis of competitors and their strategies. This is an important tool when structuring a strategic process Porter identifies forces affect all markets and sectors and their profitability within the industry. With the information acquired from the Porters five the Nestles will be able to decide ways to manipulate the industry. Rivalry among Competing Firms Rivalry among competitors is very fierce. There are scarce customers because the industry is highly saturated and the competitors try to snatch their share of market. Market Players use all sorts of tactics and activities from intensive advertisement campaigns to promotional stuff and price wars etc. Hence the intensity of rivalry is very high Bargaining Power of Consumers Bargaining power of consumers is also very high. This is because switching costs of most of the goods is very low and there is no threat of buying one product over other. Customers are never reluctant to buy or try new things off the shelf. Potential Development of Substitute Products There are complex and never ending consumer needs and no firm can satisfy all sorts of needs alone. There are plenty of substitute goods available in the market that can be re-placed if consumers are not satisfied with one. The wide range of choices and needs give a sufficient room for new product development that can replace existing goods. This leads to higher consumers expectation. Potential Entry of New Competitors Does not have any measures which can control the entry of new firms. The resistance is very low and the structure of the industry is so complex that new firms can easily enter and also offer tough competition due to cost effectiveness. Hence potential entry of new firms is highly viable. Bargaining Power of Suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers of raw materials and intermediate goods is not very high. There is ample number of substitute suppliers available and the raw materials are also readily available and most of the raw materials are homogeneous. There is no monopoly situation in the supplier side because the suppliers are also competing among themselves. 7.0 Marketing Strategies 7.1 Financial objective To increase profit by 15% from the profit declared as at Dec 2010. The budget for the marketing promotion is Rs. 2,000,000/- Budgeted Profit Loss Account 2011-2012 Rupees in Millions11.gif Sales 25 Cost Of Goods sold 5 Gross Sales 6.jpg 20 Administrative Expenses 1 Marketing Expenses 2 R D 0.5 Promotion 1 Distribution 0.5 Marketing Research 1 Miscellaneous 0.5 7.2 The 4 Ps Product: Introduction of a healthier noodle. A red rice flour to be introduced. Increase the fibre contents. Add artificial nutrients. Make the product cheaper for the rural fork. 100 grams, 200grams, 400 grams packets to be introduced. Price: Healthier noodles to attract health conscious clientele. A family pack to be introduced at a discount of 5%. The packet that goes at Rs 40 to be sold at Rs.35.9.jpg Place: Large distribution network. Distribution to small shop lets. Have a mobile van distributing samples at a Sunday fair. Get a renowned chef famous among the rural fork e.g.: Mr.Pubilis Silva to demonstrate certain dishes with the use of Maggi noodles. Promotion: Communicate to the public the health aspects in consuming Maggi noodles. Advertise using rural children running through paddy fields to capture the hearts of semi urban. Use young public figures, icons; brand ambassadors may it be sports like Tehani Guruge for Squash, Charith Rajapaksha for Cricket under 17.or child actors and actresses. Promote in schools. 7.3 Time line 7.4 Future trends 7.4.1 Objectives 8.jpg Introduction of characters that attract the attention of kids. Organizing of programs and competitions for kids at Vihara Maha Devi Park or children schools. Cooking demonstrations with the use of Maggi- awards and hampers for innovative recipes. 8.0 Research methodology Target Area: Small towns Customers: Kids, House wives Shop sample: Minimum 25 Customer Sample Size: Minimum 75 8.1 Implementation Controls Monitoring, review and control will be done by the Director Marketing at Nestles. Monthly review with Director Finance and CEO of Nestles. 8.1.1 Areas of monitoring Implementation of marketing plan Actual to targeted goals. Gap of analysis Corrective action Redo marketing plan after review 9.0 Conclusion 9.1 Re-launch of Maggi Till 2008 Maggi was a core brand for Nestles. It was at the beginning 2011that Nestles decided to go healthy with new tastes and added nutrition.http://www.google.lk/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcToIkd3Q-v9CuxtPAD15wZFf4IAgSx-xGqb2D46M3x6eTCEjqFd4bzSFA 17.jpg 9.2 Maggi takes the Health Route In May 2011, Nestles introduced Maggi Rathu Kakulu.

Essay --

La caricatura polà ­tica En sus inicios, la palabra caricatura surgià ³ para designar el arte de resaltar los rasgos fà ­sicos (principalmente del rostro) de ciertos personajes, en ese sentido, se caracterizaba por su estilo recurrente de representar a los actores con cabezas enormes y dejar de lado (en un segundo plano) el resto del cuerpo. Posteriormente, se le da importancia a las extremidades, puesto que se comprendià ³ que lo kinà ©sico y proxà ©mico aportan significado a la imagen; asà ­, por ejemplo, la ropa es un factor importante para representar aspectos relacionados con la cultura. Acto seguido, la caricatura comenzà ³ a incursionar en el à ¡mbito de la polà ­tica, dejando en un segundo plano el interà ©s por mostrar las desfiguraciones faciales, para impregnarse de un tinte polà ­tico y mordaz con miras a criticar aspectos socio-polà ­ticos. En efecto, este à ºltimo aspecto mencionado es lo que interesa en este trabajo. Puesto que, como ya se habà ­a mencionado, la caricatura polà ­tica es de suma importancia dentro de la sociedad colombiana, ya que se constituye como ‘una herramienta’ por medio de la cual se puede criticar el sistema socio-polà ­tico del paà ­s, sus dirigentes y las acciones polà ­ticas que afectan (positiva o negativamente) a la poblacià ³n. En ese orden de ideas, Acevedo (2009) afirma que: La caricatura polà ­tica busca un objetivo distinto: mofar, ironizar, fastidiar, burlarse, ridiculizar, decir las cosas a la inversa, distorsionar el sentido original, agredir, construir opinià ³n y destruir simbà ³licamente al oponente. En la caricatura polà ­tica en general, alguien o algo sale daà ±ado en su imagen (†¦) (p. 35) Al criticar el sistema socio-polà ­tico actual del paà ­s, la caricatura (re)construye una imagen (en la mayorà ­a de los... ...ambià ©n el pensamiento y la accià ³n. Nuestro sistema conceptual ordinario, en tà ©rminos del cual pensamos y actuamos, es fundamentalmente de naturaleza metafà ³rica†. (p. 39). Entendida asà ­ la metà ¡fora, el anà ¡lisis pareciera que solo se quedara en lo verbal, en lo ‘monomodal’, por lo que se hace necesario recurrir al concepto de metà ¡fora multimodal, la cual es definida por Pardo (2012:43) como â€Å"expresiones que se construyen a partir de la presencia de uno o mà ¡s modos en el dominio de origen, y que en el dominio de llegada son representadas predominantemente en modos sà ­gnicos diferentes y en coexistencia, para producir significado†. En ese sentido, la metà ¡fora se materializa dentro de la caricatura no solo en lo verbal, sino en la correlacià ³n de varios sistemas sà ­gnicos (o modos semià ³ticos) que dotan de significado a las representaciones que se dan en la caricatura.

An Understanding of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare :: Papers

An Understanding of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare The dictionary's definition of fate is "the development of events outside of a persons control predetermined by a supernatural power". What is a Supernatural Power? Again the dictionary says "attributed to some force beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature". In other words fate means that it has already been decided, it is inevitable. You can not do any thing to stop it. So in other words your decisions have already been made up and you don't realise. It as considered fate that they would meet and fall hopelessly in love with one another and then triadic ally die for each other. Fate brought the two together as well as ended their lives. It was in their stars or as some people would say it was fate. The human condition follows the course of state. Every one makes their choices out by themselves out of there own free will. Which affects there lives and a person around them lives, but will ultimately lead to there pre-determined fate. People inflict their own wounds during struggles and fight because of the choices that they make. This applies a lot in Romeo and Juliet and plays a major role in their lives. For example "A pair of star crossed lovers" From the Prologue line 6. When they both met for the first time and talked with passion about Romeo being a pilgrim and Juliet being a saint, they were already in love with one another. Romeo: "If I profane with my unworthiness hand this holy shrine, a gentle sin is this, my lips, to blushing pilgrims, ready stand to smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss." Juliet: "Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much, with mannerly devotion shows in this, for saints have hands that pilgrims' hands do touch, and palm to palm is holy palmers' kiss" The way they talk about each other as if they were soul mates is amazing. They call each other pilgrims and saints; it makes them sound

Educational Research Single Su :: essays research papers

Educational Research Single-Subject Critique Establishing Discriminative Control of Responding Using Functional and Alternative Reinforcers During Functional Communication Training Wayne W. Fisher, David E. Kuhn, and Rachel H. Thompson Appropriateness of research question or purpose: The purpose of this research was interesting and of value as it focused on problems that often occur when Functional Communication Training (FCT) is in use. This study sought to find effective solutions as desired “. . .response[s] may be weakened and destructive behavior[s] may reemerge . . .'; when reinforcements of communication are delayed or denied due to impossibility or inconvenience of the caregiver or instructors ability to provide said reinforcement in a timely manner. “. . .procedures are needed to increase the effectiveness of FCT in situations in which it is impractical or impossible to deliver a given reinforcer.'; Research design and design rationale: This study was broken up into 4 phases (the fourth phase “. . .was completed with only 1 participant in only one condition because of time limitations on the participants’ hospital admission.';) Phase 1: Functional Analyses and Descriptive Assessments. Alternating treatment with no baseline design. “During this analysis, a test condition . . .and a control condition were compared using a multi-element design.'; Phase 2: Communication and Discrimination Training. Phase 3: Treatment Evaluation of FCT with Discriminative Stimuli. Between series, alternating treatment (ABAB) design was used to compare FCT + EXT vs. ACT + EXT in two conditions for one participant (Amy) and in one condition for one participant (Ned). Phase 4: Independent Effects of FCT and EXT. Between series, alternating treatment and a final treatment design was used to compare FCT/ACT (w/o EXT) vs. EXT alone with the final series being strictly FCT/ACT (w/o EXT). The order of presentation for Amy’s discrimination training were “. . .stimulus-present and stimulus-absent periods [that] were alternated every 30 s for the duration of the 10-min session. For Ned, “. . .one SD at a time was presented for 1 min. The order of the first three SD presentations in a given session was randomized, without replacement; thereafter, the order remained constant.'; Phase 1 was “conducted to test the hypotheses generated by the results of. . .descriptive assessments. . .to determine whether . . .destructive behavior was multiply maintained by both attention and access to tangible items, but under specific stimulus conditions [for Amy]. . .[and whether] destructive behavior was maintained by . Educational Research Single Su :: essays research papers Educational Research Single-Subject Critique Establishing Discriminative Control of Responding Using Functional and Alternative Reinforcers During Functional Communication Training Wayne W. Fisher, David E. Kuhn, and Rachel H. Thompson Appropriateness of research question or purpose: The purpose of this research was interesting and of value as it focused on problems that often occur when Functional Communication Training (FCT) is in use. This study sought to find effective solutions as desired “. . .response[s] may be weakened and destructive behavior[s] may reemerge . . .'; when reinforcements of communication are delayed or denied due to impossibility or inconvenience of the caregiver or instructors ability to provide said reinforcement in a timely manner. “. . .procedures are needed to increase the effectiveness of FCT in situations in which it is impractical or impossible to deliver a given reinforcer.'; Research design and design rationale: This study was broken up into 4 phases (the fourth phase “. . .was completed with only 1 participant in only one condition because of time limitations on the participants’ hospital admission.';) Phase 1: Functional Analyses and Descriptive Assessments. Alternating treatment with no baseline design. “During this analysis, a test condition . . .and a control condition were compared using a multi-element design.'; Phase 2: Communication and Discrimination Training. Phase 3: Treatment Evaluation of FCT with Discriminative Stimuli. Between series, alternating treatment (ABAB) design was used to compare FCT + EXT vs. ACT + EXT in two conditions for one participant (Amy) and in one condition for one participant (Ned). Phase 4: Independent Effects of FCT and EXT. Between series, alternating treatment and a final treatment design was used to compare FCT/ACT (w/o EXT) vs. EXT alone with the final series being strictly FCT/ACT (w/o EXT). The order of presentation for Amy’s discrimination training were “. . .stimulus-present and stimulus-absent periods [that] were alternated every 30 s for the duration of the 10-min session. For Ned, “. . .one SD at a time was presented for 1 min. The order of the first three SD presentations in a given session was randomized, without replacement; thereafter, the order remained constant.'; Phase 1 was “conducted to test the hypotheses generated by the results of. . .descriptive assessments. . .to determine whether . . .destructive behavior was multiply maintained by both attention and access to tangible items, but under specific stimulus conditions [for Amy]. . .[and whether] destructive behavior was maintained by .

Coming of Age Rituals

Itercresco Make-up. High heels. Driving. Shaving. Dating. These are most of the undertakings that accompany maturing and becoming a young adult in the western society. For some in the western culture, the coming of age ritual is the allowance of these freedoms. In other cases and cultures, the coming of age ritual is often based on deeply rooted traditions and a heightened sense of grandeur. Whatever they may be, coming of age rituals are integral to our society, to our inner growth, and to our development as people. In this generation, â€Å"young people however, do not suddenly feel adult upon reaching the landmark legal ages.Instead, they view these ages as representing starting points for adulthood rather than as things that immediately render them adult,† (Waters 171). The coming of age rituals avail in establishing a heightened sense of responsibility to young adults, which in turn benefits our society; these rituals cause a person to feel seasoned and as if they are tru ly coming into their own. At this point in their lives, young adults are akin to baby sea turtles that have almost made it to the ocean; they are crawling to the ritual that will â€Å"make† them an adult.Itercresco not only enables adolescents to discover their roots in the context of cultural traits, religious spirituality, and relevant philanthropy, which will assist them in becoming productive members of society. With attention to common perceptions of â€Å"adulthood†, Itercresco interlaces practices such as volunteerism and going to an art museum to encourage the youth to be emotionally, spiritually, physically, and financially independent. â€Å"Itercresco†Ã¢â‚¬â€ the name is a combination of the Latin translations of the words â€Å"growing† and â€Å"journey†.The ritual, which occurs at the age of sixteen, involves seven months living in the country and town from which either the teenager’s mother’s or father’s family originates; the young adults have the option to choose the region they wish to further explore. If there is still family living in the town or city, the teenager may spend one out of the seven months with the relatives if they allow them to. If the young adult no longer has family in that vicinity, they will live on their own and off of the land as much as possible for the duration of the seven months.The adolescents are sent away with seven thousand dollars and half of these funds must be used for philanthropic purposes. The rest of the money must endure the seven months, but they are allowed to find work. In fact, acquisition of employment is highly encouraged, as it will further fuel attention to a responsible persona. The funds for the philanthropic aspect cannot simply be donated; it must be actively used to benefit the town or city. In this day and age, preparation of the nation’s youth for the fast-paced society they are subjected to is integral.Itercresco seeks to re ady adolescents for the â€Å"real world† by exposing them to society in a mature light and fashion. This generation requires a well-rounded persona in order to be successful. Being cultured is imperative in our community; knowledge of classic literature, film, art, and music seems to be the necessity in the modern time. For example, trips to the Louvre in Paris and Gershwin Theatre in New York City can drastically provide new outlooks on life as well as knowledge not previously present.Self-discovery and understanding on a religious level is also an integral aspect to being a productive member of society; apprehension of one’s inner self and a sense of self-awareness serve as foundations for being self sufficient and independent. Spending time immersed in learning about the spiritual aspects of different religions and examining one’s own views on spirituality and religion can provide immeasurable wisdom and erudition. A simple trip to a mosque or synagogue can shed light on a myriad of beliefs and ideals that may shape one’s future outlook on life.Giving back to the community and having a sense of responsibility for one’s environment is also an important aspect of being a contributing party to one’s community. Anything from assisting with building homes for citizens displaced by natural disasters to singing for the elderly can spawn a sense of obligation to one’s commonality and environment. Itercresco and its various parts successfully establish activities in lieu of producing and spawning successful and contributing members of society that can maintain stable employment and admirable relationships, for example.The coming of age ritual ensures that a sense of independence and stability will be met at the end of the journey because it requires tasks that build and cultivate accountability. At first glance, the young adults find the discovery of the cultural traits is most jocular in Itercresco. The new understa nding of the clothing, music, and fine arts of their region of origin proves to be a refreshing aspect of the coming of age ritual. At least one concert must be attended as well as one dance performance, art show or exhibit, or heatrical performance. The young adult may or may not choose to adapt to clothing styles, but while attending shows or performances, he or she must wear garb similar or identical to the citizens of the province. In further examination of the cultural aspects of the region, the purpose of Itercresco seeks to educate and entertain young adults with their own roots and origins. Itercresco solicits a sense of feeling connected to one’s heritage while ensuring the teenager is having a convivial experience.The exploration of the culture will help the adolescent to become more well-rounded and refined, which will in turn better prepare them to participate and converse effectively in society. Self identification and spiritual discovery are the most important s tandpoints of Itercresco; they give the young adult an opportunity to find out who they are as a person, what they seek for their lives, and what they will rely on as their rock and stronghold. Itercresco encourages young adults to learn about the regional religion in order to expand knowledge of their own roots and even perhaps to positively influence the spiritual journey.By no means is the young adult to have the regional religion forced upon them; the young adult is encouraged to take all religious leanings with a grain of salt and discover for him or herself what they need spiritually. To better understand the region’s roots, young adults learn and understand the common creation story the majority of the citizens believe. They can choose to unearth and learn about the creation story by asking family, neighbors, citizens, or by researching through books and other writings.The young adults are also expected to explore the ethereal quests of their ancestors to better unders tand where they come from. They are also encouraged to journal their progress through their metaphysical ventures throughout the seven month duration. The purpose of this portion of Itercresco is to establish independence. Thinking and feeling for oneself, as well as having control and knowledge over one’s emotions and religious or spiritual beliefs, is a significant step towards adulthood and establishing one’s aptitude.This autonomy is crucial to being an adult in our post-modern society. In a hypothetical sense, if a family tragedy of some sort occurred, a faculty over one’s emotions and actions is expected. Hence, why personal understanding is promoted during Itercresco. The philanthropy aspect of Itercresco is the most personal of the discovery aspects. It takes the young adults heart and projects in into something that will benefit the community from which they inherit their culture.The young adults will choose something that is not only close to their hea rts, but something that can truly benefit the community. The mission is to give back to the region that took part in establishing their existence. During the philanthropy, if funds or resources fall short, they are responsible for recovering what they need to complete the philanthropy; they can take donations or use any earnings from jobs they have done. The philanthropy can span from anything—from donating school supplies to building a garden to sustainably grow food. The possibilities are endless.The young adults choose a task that will touch their own lives as well as the lives of others in the community. The adolescent is not only performing the philanthropy to finish with the particular area of Itercresco. Every commonality has needs and Itercresco’s foundation bases and prides itself on connection to heritage; who better than to aid in fulfilling the needs of a populace than an individual whom derives their roots from said territory? After the philanthropy is com pleted, a book of photos and journals is compiled to aid future generations in their philanthropy.The community outreach is integral to Itercresco, as it will determine the compassion and service they are willing to give back to the community; this is critical as this is what stands to be the backbone of society. Fulfilling the different areas of Itercresco combine to be beneficial to one’s maturity as well as their inherent growth as a person. Discovering and spending time immersed in one’s roots helps a person better understand one’s heritage; knowing oneself guides who a person toward individualized identity.Young adults are meant to glean experience, knowledge, and a new sense of independence from Itercresco. Julia Alvarez soundly states in her work, Once Upon a Quinceanera, that her own ritual gave her â€Å"a new community to belong to, a narrative I could follow into adulthood† (37). This quote proves accurate for Itercresco as the ritual gives a n ew sense of established belonging to a community the young adult already had ties to. Itercresco is in pursuit of reintegrating the teenager into their society with a cultivated and sophisticated outlook on society, their lives, and their environments.The highlighted sense of responsibility, independence, and feeling of belonging of Itercresco provides immeasurable benefits and internal growth for the teenager moving into adulthood. Works Cited Barrios, Barclay. â€Å"Once Upon a Quinceanera. † Emerging: Contemporary Readings for Writers. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. 228-48. Print. Waters, Mary C. Coming of Age in America: The Transition to Adulthood in the Twenty-first Century. Berkeley: University of California, 2011. Print.