Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference Essay Example

Cataclysmic events in India with Special Reference Paper Avalanches are normal in the Lower Himalayas. Portions of the Western Ghats additionally experience the ill effects of low-power avalanches. Floods are the most widely recognized catastrophic event in India. The overwhelming southwest rainstorm downpours cause the Paramount and different waterways to stretch their banks, regularly flooding encompassing territories. Despite the fact that they furnish rice payday ranchers with a to a great extent trustworthy wellspring of characteristic water system and treatment, the floods can kill thousands and uproot millions. Overabundance, sporadic, or less than ideal storm precipitation may likewise wash away or in any case ruin crops. Practically all of India is flood-inclined, and extraordinary precipitation occasions, for example, streak floods and heavy rains, have gotten progressively regular in focal India over the past generally decades, corresponding with rising temperatures. Mean yearly precipitation aggregates have stayed consistent because of the declining recurrence of climate frameworks that produce moderate measures of downpour. A catastrophic event may be brought about by tremors, flooding, volcanic emission, avalanche, tropical storms and so forth. So as to be delegated a catastrophe it will have significant natural impact as well as human misfortune and often brings about budgetary misfortune. This survey explains the cataclysmic events of Tamil Nadia and its conceivable reason just as the preventive/relief measures. Catchphrases: Natural starters, dry spells, streak floods, tornados, torrential slides, avalanches, storms. Presentation At the worldwide level, there has been impressive worry over catastrophic events. Numerous catastrophic events in India have made destruction the life and property of residents and nature in general occasionally. We will compose a custom paper test on Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Along these lines, joined Nations General Assembly, in 1989, pronounced the decade 1990-2000 as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction with the goal to lessen loss of lives and property and confine financial harm through purposeful global activity for fitting administration tragedies, particularly in the creating nations. These fiascos incorporate tornados, floods, tremors, volcanic emissions, starvations, dry season, avalanches and so forth. Among all the ones referenced floods and seismic tremors are the most widely recognized in India. India is no special case as it has been generally powerless against catastrophic events because of its one of a kind well climatic conditions. Floods, dry spells, twisters, seismic tremors and avalanches have been repetitive wonders in India because of huge populace development, and relocation into urban territories (De et al. , 2005). Tamil Nadia has seen destruction brought about by yeses and tempest flood in the beach front districts, tremors, rainstorm floods, avalanches, and as of late the Tsunami. Increment in urban populace combined with the development of man-made structures frequently ineffectively fabricated and kept up subject urban communities to more prominent degrees of hazard to life and property in case Of seismic tremors and other normal perils. India is a region of 3,287,263 square kilometers and a coastline of 7516 km, with the last official evaluation in 2001 indicating a populace 1. 028 billion individuals (NIB, 2009). Tamil Nadia covers a region of 130, 0582 SMS and has a coastline f around 1,076 SMS which is about 15% of the coastline of India (Bavarian et al. , 2011). Over 40% of the fisher populace lives inside 1 km of coast and half of them live inside 2 km of the coast. The land setting of Tamil Nadia makes the state powerless against catastrophic events, for example, typhoons (Mascaras and Kumara 2007) floods and quake incited tidal wave. About 8% of the state is influenced by five to six tornados consistently, of which a few are extreme. Cyclonic exercises on the east coast are more serious than on the west coast, and happen for the most part be;en April-May and October-November (Supply and Aircraftman, 2009). Floods are high stream that floods the characteristic banks of the waterways and a large portion of the occasions become catastrophic. India is the most flood influenced country after Bangladesh. Out of all out passings by Floods on the planet, (1/5) are from India. The fundamental driver of floods are extreme rains in waterway catchments, poor common waste, Change of stream course, Landslide limiting waterway stream, typhoon and exceptionally serious precipitation (Fig. 1). Over that previous scarcely any years the ascent in populace is driving enormous settlements along the waterway banks, making the nation Thou Education and Research Trust (YEAR) Stephen, 201 2 J. Lowlife. Indus. Rest. Volvo. 1(2) July 2012 60 arrangements and measures for different counteractions and calamity the executives exercises are appropriately actualized. From the flood danger guide of India (Fig. 1), it is seen that no region in Tamil Nadia falls in the hazard zone. Be that as it may, inside a neighborhood body territory, especially concerning a territories vicinity to a significant seepage framework like waterways, channels, and furthermore water bodies like lakes, and further regarding shape levels/low-lying zones, flood inclined region mapping must be finished. Tamil Nadia is likewise exposed to yearly flooding including streak floods, torrent floods, rainstorm surges of single and various occasions, cyclonic floods, and those because of dam blasts or disappointment. Consistently, on normal a huge number of individuals are influenced, a couple hundred lives are lost, thousands are rendered destitute and a few hectares of yields are harmed. Consistently, Flooding in India influences Tamil Nadia and the other Indian conditions of Assam, Briar, West Bengal, Gujarat, Arioso, Utterance, and Maharajahs (Supply and Aircraftman, 2009). Floods are the most continuous and regularly the most obliterating. The reason for flood is basically the causalities of precipitation in North east rainstorm period in the state. Out of the all out yearly precipitation in the state, 90% is thought over short rainstorm period of a quarter of a year. Thus, substantial releases from the waterways during this period causing across the board floods in the delta areas. Floods happen principally in the beach front areas bowl that conveys 100% of the state all out stream streams (Poniard, 2006). Twisters Cyclone alludes to a spin in the climate with extremely solid breezes circling around it in hostile to clockwise heading in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Violent winds re extreme low weight regions with pressure expanding outwards. Twisters can be unsafe as Cyclones are ordinarily connected with solid breezes. A tempest flood is a strange ascent of ocean level close to the coast brought about by a Fig. 1. F-plunder danger guide of India. Exceptionally powerless against Floods. The most helpless conditions of India are Attar Pradesh, Briar, Assam, West Bengal, Gujarat, Arioso, Andorra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharajahs, Punjab and Jam and Kashmir. In 1994, a significant flood slaughtered 147 individuals in Kraal, 138 in Gujarat and marooned 10000 in Madhya Pradesh. In 1995, the conditions of Attar Pradesh, Harlan and Raunchy Pradesh were seriously hit by flood causing colossal losses. In the year 1996, a savage flood truly incapacitated India, Thousands of individuals passed on, got destitute, were marooned in the conditions of Restaurants, Andorra Pradesh, Jam and Kashmir likewise influencing numerous different pieces Of the nation. To put it plainly, almost consistently either some portion of the nation is seriously hit by Hoods and making a despicable history for India. The opportunity has already come and gone that the @Youth Education and Research Trust (YEAR) J. Lowlife. Indus. Rest. Volvo. 1(2) July 2012 61 period (Fig. 2). The coast line begins from Publican along the east coast and stretches out up to Ruminatively in Sanitarium District and comprises of Estuaries of biological significance, Major and Minor ports, Fishing harbors, Monuments of universal legacy, Tourist areas, Pilgrimage focuses, and so on. Quakes Earthquakes are amazing signs of unexpected arrivals of strain vitality collected inside the covering and spread as seismic waves. The need to comprehend and consider the wonder of tremor is for a basic explanation, that it is the most appalling regular cataclysm for humankind. The Himalayan Frontal bend in India is among the most seismically dynamic districts of the world. Indeed, even the Peninsular Stretch is incredibly defenseless to Earthquakes. The Run of Ketch Earthquake of 1918 is one of the biggest interplant occasions on the planet. The first Seismological observatory in Quite a while was set up in the year 1 898 in the city of Calcutta. Throughout the years the office has been exponentially extended by the Meteorological Department of India. Tamil Nadia isn't as seismically dynamic as states in the northern and western pieces of the nation, little to direct tremors have happened in the territory of Tamil Nadia. The recurrence of quakes is low I. E. The hole between moderate measured occasions is genuinely long. Seismic movement in the ongoing past has happened in bunches (Disgusts et al. , 2000) along the fringes with Andorra Pradesh, Karakas and Kraal. Ever tropical typhoon; subsequently, ocean water immerses low lying territories of waterfront locales suffocating individuals and lives-stock, dissolving sea shores and banks, devastating vegetation and diminishing soil richness. Fig. 2. TN: Hazard Map-quake, Floods and Cyclone (After Poniard, 2006). Aside from solid breezes, typhoons can bring about substantial downpours causing floods. Nonetheless, the most dangerous factor related with the tornados is the tempest flood. The most exceedingly awful and the most established typhoon in India was in 1 737, in Calcutta that took 300000 lives individually. For tornado conjecture and guidance ahead of time, the Government has reinforced the Meteorological Department, by giving Cyclone Surveillan

Charles Dickens’ Satire of Victorian Culture in Oliver Twist

In the novel Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens criticizes Victorian culture; he centers around the Poor Law framework, vagrants, workhouses, and the portrayal of Oliver and Nancy, utilizing mockery, and the correlation between this present reality and the universe of Oliver. At the point when Dickens was only a kid, a ton of awful things transpired. At twelve, his dad went to jail. He at that point needed to work in a shoe blacking plant. He knew neediness and that’s why he knew about social issues and had profound sentiment of social duty. Dickens was one of the most significant social authors of history.He condemned good, social, and financial issues in the Victorian time through his fiction works (â€Å"Charles† 1. ) The enthusiastic and representing power that Oliver Twist has is he esteem in Dickens life (Linsay 172. ) While composing the book, Victorian subjects like destitution, shamefulness, mean characters, and discipline were all live issues on the planet. Dickens didn’t like the 1834 New Poor Act, which condemned poor people. He didn’t like its brutal utilitarian morals. The Poor Law Board believed that individuals that could accomplish work didn’t show signs of improvement than the most unfortunate worker.Due to the rise of worker's guilds, the Poor Law framework fell into decrease. There were liberal government assistance changes during the twentieth century; it wasn’t until 1948 when it was authoritatively annulled. Outlined in Olive Twist, Dickens indicated the perusing society the cruel image of real factors in the Victorian period. In the novel, there are a great deal of vagrants. Dickens portrays them as poor, starved, persecuted, and seriously rebuffed (â€Å"Charles† 1. ) The dread of dejection and neediness was consistently present in the brains of grown-ups, and kids the same in Victorian society.There were numerous vagrants, and one of every fourteen of numerous towns populace of kids were name d homeless people in 1863. A large portion of the destitute populace depended on the ward framework through the Poor Law. A Board of Directors was chosen, and in numerous events, Dickens doesn’t put them across as the â€Å"best fit†, despite the fact that the objective in the Acts was to support these homeless people. Dickens utilizes mockery to expound on the Board. It was at one time a Poor Law framework that empowered hard working attitude (â€Å"Poverty† 1. ) He depicts them in the novel as â€Å"very wise, profound philosophical men† (Dickens 11.)Dickens talks how two vagrants, Oliver and Rose, are attempted with misfortune which shows them the ethics for other people and love. It’s the life of agony and estrangement that assist them with turning out to be unadulterated characters, differentiating the reality of the taking, wild beggar of the Victorian period (Baldridge. ) In the novel, Charles put together the character of Oliver with respec t to eighteenth century attributes. Charles’s fantasies of adolescence were under control, and it gave him a sincerely obvious image of the misused offspring of his own time (Linsay 179. ) In the workhouses that vagrants were sent to, there was exacting discipline.They were given marginally enough food to endure, and were rebuffed cruelly in the event that they didn’t observe severe standards. In the novel, Dickens discloses what befalls Oliver when he requests more food. ‘Please, sir, I need some more. ’ The ace was a fat, sound man; yet he turned pale. He looked in stunned bewilderment on the little revolutionary for certain seconds, and afterward clung for help to the copper. The collaborators were deadened with amazement; the young men with dread. Dickens shows the peruser through Oliver’s hunger how terrible it was for him.Everyone around the food ace idea most likely Oliver was to be hung for asking such an express inquiry. Rather, Oliver is s ent to quick restriction, anticipating another ace. Workers had undertakings like stone breaking, oakum-picking, sack-production, and corn-granulating. Work conditions were extreme, despite the fact that they were required to be respectably perfect. Patricia Pulham and Brad Beaven clarify in their article entitled â€Å"Poverty and the Poor† how in his diary, Workhouse Words, Dickens researches the states of the workhouse conditions.When he went to the workhouse banter during the 1850s, he saw neediness, hopelessness, starvation, and all around death these characterized the absence of the workhouse framework. Dickens accomplishes the straightforwardness of the characters on the grounds that the manner in which he presents them and portrays them doesn’t contain any vagary. To a few, Oliver may appear to be wistful, and Nancy a whore with uncertain emotions, however these portrayals are ordinary, and are the imprints and portrayals of a disaster. Oliver is taken a gander at as a â€Å"item of mortality† who will be another duty regarding the area and is just worth offering to the overall population when he acts mischievously for 5 pounds.Society sees Oliver, with its cash ethic, as a risk, for he truly doesn’t depict a spirit or soul in the Board’s eyes. Oliver’s trademark advancement may appear to be pretentious, in light of the fact that he doesn’t truly act or talks like different kids. Dickens expels him from the normal discourse of every other character, and gives him the image of defenseless guiltlessness and introduction. Oliver is overseen by any individual who interacts with him. He’s like a manikin, impacted past his view. As a matter of fact, through the majority of the novel, Oliver regularly doesn’t know where he is or who he is.Social request is appeared through the harsh irrelevance of Oliver’s hid humankind (Duffy 5. ) Oliver never figures out how to compare the alabaster and c ontribute social vocabularies his story in any capacity that he may procure about the real factors of Victorian culture (Baldridge. ) Dickens portrays Nancy as constrained into prostitution by neediness, her companions, and her degenerate condition. Dickens knew about the exploitation of Victorian ladies and needed to show that Nancy’s sweet character was undermined by one or the other she didn’t merit her destiny (Charles 1.)Even at an incredible expense, Nancy feels change in her heart. She is faithful to her companions, and she goes to spare Oliver and Rose. Dickens isn’t emotionalizing wrongdoing and wrongdoing. Reality of life is being spoken to (Al-Mahdi 3-4. ) Charles Dickens effectively takes the cruel real factors of the Victorian time and utilizes them into the novel Oliver Twist. Through his parody and portrayal, he makes a contrary picture of the brutal things that happened to individuals in workhouses, vagrants, and kids. Charles Dickens will consis tently be recognized as extraordinary compared to other social observers ever.

Things To Consider Before You Start An Adult Website

Things To Consider Before You Start An Adult Website Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Things To Consider Before You Start An Adult WebsiteUpdated On 02/12/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : https://hbb.me/2j9GEc3 CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogA few weeks ago, I bumped into one of our prospective clients. He who happened to be an ignoramus person has now transformed into a connoisseur of adult turnkey website. As a matter of fact, running an adult website now seems rosy. He is on a roll now and every piece seems to be fitting together. I initiated the conversation by saying a few simple sentences, “If you are like nearly everybody else in this world, you are not really thinking different. I am glad that you are different and you have started your adult website.” Well, I have this gut hunch that everything in adult industry is familiar, but seems new. So, let me take a detour through the entire adult website classification.Class ification Of Adult WebsitesAdult websites can be broadly categorized as tube sites, membership sites and live webcam sites.1. Tube SiteSome of the popular tube sites are YouPorn, RedTube, YouJizz, Xvideos, Tube8, Pornhub, and Xhamster. While this list is not exhaustive, it is undoubtedly selective. Google is a fairly bright search engine and the moment you enter the search words or phrases, the aforementioned sites will be featuring in the first page. Ever wondered how to start one such tube site? Well, you require a robust software that is capable of supporting a plethora of streaming servers. And yes, the software should run seamlessly and predominantly on distributed architecture. It goes without saying that multiple video formats should be supported.In adult websites, design is primo. Monetization options should be plenty and the freedom to grab and embed videos should be exhilarating. 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The website can be advertised using banners and posting them on different other adult websites through xMember.READThe Main Benefits of Hiring a Creative AgencyLaw: And, though, it seems like membership sites are much safe against DMCA complaints regarding the privacy issues as content is original, there is still one thing which the site owner always should be aware of. As the US Code says, any type of adult website should never have a video depicting incest or child porn. The porn actors should never even address themselves as a minor, as this is ill egal and the website can be taken down by the government.3. Live Webcam SiteNow the third category of adult websites is live webcam sites. Basically, a live webcam site consists of models who play their part by doing whatever the customers ask for. But to manage a camming site full of models, everything from live video chat portals, pay per view cams and multiple adult friendly payment gateways, along with stats management are required. Each model must have a profile of their own, which features a little of what the customer can expect from the model. It has to be in a way which lures the user towards the model. With all such features and much more, xCams is the perfect adult live cam script which will keep you ahead of others.xCams helps the business owner to manage user signups, a number of minutes spent on each model and total money spent by the user. It provides you with real-time analytics of the chat room along with the list of people watching / who have watched the shows. You can add new models to the site with ease, along with managing their profiles. xCams accommodates several payment gateways, so there is never an issue if one has a master or a visa card. It has all the monetization options covered. You can even hire models through it.You don’t have to look for new camming girls anywhere with xCams. These are the features which are specially designed for the owner and studio manager, and that’s not it. Of course, the client’s dashboard is taken care of by xCams. The user can go through the list of online models, add funds money to their profiles and checks out the history of transactions he or she has made in the past. It even allows the user to add models as favourites. xCams can help from setting up the website to managing and earning through it.Law: But, you do have to keep an eye on the model hiring process. You should always keep in mind that no minor is working for you as a cam girl, as this could result in a legal complaint against the w ebcam site, and may land you in jail.Well thinking back how to start a porn site seemed like quite a difficult question, and with adult scripts from Adent, it is all but far from difficult. You can start your adult website up and run within a few minutes using these scripts. With xStreamer, xMember and xCams, you can literally create a porn site from scratch. Now we can say that everything is adult industry looks familiar and new, but it ain’t tough.

Digital Convergence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 24 Words: 7259 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Suppose that you decide to launch a research project in response to this call for papers. Write a research paper that explores the relationship between digital systems and emergent competition. Describe, in detail, the relevant research problem your paper would study, the current state of knowledge in that area, the research methodology to be used, and the expected research findings and their significance. Digital Convergence: Can it deliver Competitive Advantage in Large Scale Organizations? An Empirical Examination Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Digital Convergence" essay for you Create order Introduction Digital convergence (DC) is the proliferation of information in digitized form (bits) and the efficient flow of information in the digital network. Digital convergence is the various ways in which digitized data are processed and transferred [62]. The Knowledge economy is driven by DC where digital systems are embedded ubiquitously in the business processes that help the users to exchange information, store and access data, collaborate, communicate, learn and trade in real time. The digital information can also be accessed from and stored in a remote location which supports workers that are mobile and/or located in distant locations. DC is facilitated by internet, access networks (like 3G,4G, wireless LAN, wireless broadband) and high network connectivity ; leading a surge in virtualization of computing and storage functions of digitized data [63]. Easy communication, information exchange and collaboration made possible over the global digital network with the aid of Digital Convergence has caused a surge in Cloud Computing; which is where digitized data, computational platform and infrastructure to compute enabled by the digital platform is stored in the cloud outside the walled premises of the organization on a sharable platform [63]. Digital Convergence is the current trend in Pervasive Computing which follows the mantra of access to information anywhere, anytime. Gartner Research states that worldwide cloud services revenue enabled by digitized data is estimated to exceed $56.3 billion in 2009, which is a jump of 21.3 percent from the $46.4 billion spent on the cloud last year [64]. Furthermore, Gartner analyst predicts by the year 2013, the Cloud service revenue will reach $150.1 billion[5]. Hence, Digital convergence (DC) is an important paradigm in information technology. Theory of digital options suggests that IT indirectly supports agility by offering firms with digital options [65], which are described as a set of IT-enabled capabilities in the form of digitized work processes and knowledge systems. This theory emphasizes that IT enhances the reach and richness of a firms knowledge and it is processed to help the firm improve its agility i.e. its ability to sense and respond to environment change. The term digital options denote that a firm may apply its IT-enabled capabilities in the form of digitized work processes to emerging opportunities, or they may remain unused depending on the dynamic capabilities of a firm [66]. In a dynamic environment; competitive advantage is short lived; hence firms continuously generate competitive actions to achieve series of short term competitive advantage and firms with greater number and variety of competitive actions achieve competitive position [67-69]. Attempts have been made to identify the factors that lead to competitiveness but there are no formal empirical study so far that investigates the link between Digital Convergence and competitive advantage. The next section of this paper identifies the research justifications and the research questions followed by the literature review on the work done on this area along with the definitions of the variables. The following section discuses the theory and outlines the propositions, followed by the research design to be used, methodology and data analysis to be used. The last section discusses the significance of the research. Research justification and research questions Dynamic capabilities of a firm are composed of Adaptive, Absorptive and Innovative capability[70]. Prior research has shown that Knowledge sharing and absorptive capability of the firm (ability and motivation of the firms employees to utilize knowledge) improves innovation capability of the firm[71]. Review of the previous IS research suggests that continuously generating competitive actions , Knowledge Management and Agility is important in achieving competitive position but there has been no formal empirical study that examines the role of innovation capability in improving firms business process agility and the role of Digital Convergence in leveraging innovation capability in competitive actions. This study proposes to complete the link between knowledge sharing, absorptive capability, innovation capability and business process agility. There have been several calls for research to examine relationship between organizational capabilities, agility, digital systems and competitive actions. The specific research problems include examining the relationship between digital systems and competitive actions and firm and network capabilities for leveraging digital systems in competitive actions[72] and examining what IT capabilities are vital to business success in contemporary digital environment? [73].There has been call for research to study the next wave of nomadic computing including Digital Convergence that enables organizations to: mobilize information, share the information, develop new forms of organizational structure, capability, and agility [62]. In response to these calls this study proposes to study the following research questions and the research model is illustrated in Fig 1. 1. Does Innovation capability of the firm help in making a firm more Agile? 2. What role does digital convergence play in influencing the strength of the proposed relationship between Innovation capability and Agility? 3. Does Digital Convergence help in developing the digital collaboration (both external and internal)? 4. What role does location of the partner play in building the innovation alliance network or in other words Digital collaborators of a firm are more locally dispersed / more globally dispersed / are they somewhat equally dispersed between local and global locations? Digital Convergence inhibits or facilitates Digital collaboration between partners that are local and global? 5. Does Digital Collaboration (like between competitors) have any role in shaping business process agility? 6. Improving the business process agility of the firm makes the firm more competitive? 7. Which type of digital collaboration is perceived to be the most valuable for enterprises innovati on activities? Literature Review Digital convergence Prevalence of digitized data has resulted in Digital Convergence (DC) [74]. The Digital network today is connected with IP phone, IP camera, IP TV, Point of sale systems, digital learning devices, portable medical and other technologies that provide unified communication and collaboration tools even to those workers who are mobile. When all media is digitalBits co-mingle effortlessly. They start to get mixed up and can be used and re-used separately or together.[75] or in other words DC makes use and reuse of information easier. The definition of digital convergence (DC) has evolved over time. The assimilation of concepts on Digital Convergence from the review of literature is outlined below. In the year 1977, Japans NEC Corporation first defined DC as communications merging with computers. Digital convergence requires ubiquitous and powerful computers that can handle communications with digitized content[76, 77]. DC is the convergence of content ( character, sound, text, motion, picture into a bit stream ) and convergence of transmission ( bits can be managed and transmitted quickly and efficiently and in large volumes) enabled by distributed computing and internetworking [78]. DC can also be classified as Network convergence: Fixed to mobile convergence (FMC) is the seamless distribution of digitized content over mobile and fixed technologies enabling the collapse of boundary between fixed network operator and mobile network operators. It provides access to the digitized service irrespective of location and device.FMC means that a single device can connect and be switched between wired and wireless networks. [79]. Digital convergence can also be viewed as Business Process convergence or integration: It is the ability to represent audio, video, text and other media in digital form, manage this rich digital content and tie it to transactional capability and interactive services [80].For e.g. In a doctors office the patient signature can be captured digitally, all the business transactions like patient scheduling, recording of the information about the procedure performed and the rate for the services performed, payment collection, processing for insurance claim, patient medical records can be managed digitally and later those records can be accessed by management to track the performance of the clinic efficiently. Also the business process convergence can help business provide personalized interactive products for the consumers. DC is the ability to integrate and converge enterprise wide business process with single point of access to it, 247, where digitized data are stored in a shared reposito ry and managed by enterprise wide software like the Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. DC is Device convergence where same digital device can be used for multiple forms of digital content used for complementary services like mobile phone can be used as video player, music player, and sound recorder, GPS, email and web search[76]. It is defined as the convergence of computing, communication and consumer electronics [81] In the current scenario, future digital convergence means producing digital environments that are aware, receptive and adaptive to humans connected in a network. The interacting computational devices connected to such pervasive, human-centered computing network are able to communicate with each other [82]. Digital convergence can help working from home, conduct live meeting without travelling using video conferencing. Based on Past research, Digital convergence can be summarized as convergence of: a) digital content, b) network/transmission, c) business process/service, d) digital devices and e) infrastructure supporting pervasive computing. Innovation Capability Past research on Innovation capability of a firm has concluded that it includes the ability of the firm to have product innovation capability, process innovation capability and market innovation capability which are summarized below. The role of environmental innovation capability and organizational innovation capability in shaping firm agility has not been studied so far. Product Innovation capability: Innovation capability is the ability to develop new products or services [83-85], ability to be first mover in the market [86] and ability to introduce more new products than other firms [86]. Process Innovation capability: This is the ability of the firm to develop new methods of production [83-85], develop new organizational forms[83], seek new and novel solutions to problems[83] and to discover new methods and sources of supply[83]. Market Innovativeness: This is the ability to identify new markets[83]. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is headquartered in Paris and administers Community Innovation Survey (CIS). The Community Innovation Survey (CIS) was updated recently in the year 2008 and it lists Organizational Innovation Capability and Environment Innovation Capability as new measures for innovativeness [87]. Innovation surveys were first conducted within several Western European countries but have since been conducted in many other countries including Canada, Switzerland, all EU countries, Russia, Turkey, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, South Africa and most Latin American countries. Organizational Innovation Capability As per the CIS 2008 [87], organizational innovation capability is the ability of the firm to have new organizational method in the business practice. The new methods includes new business practices for organization of work or procedures (i.e. supply chain management, lean production, quality management, business re-engineering, education/training systems, etc), new knowledge management systems for improved exchange or use of information , skills and knowledge within and outside the enterprise, New methods of workplace organisation for coordinating responsibilities and decision making (i.e. first use of a new system of tracking employee responsibilities, managing team work, integration or de-integration of departments, etc) and New methods of coordinating external relations with other businesses or public institutions (i.e. first use of partnerships, outsourcing, alliances or sub-contracting, etc.) Environmental innovation capability: As per the CIS 2008 [87], this is the ability to produce new or significantly improved product (good or service), process, organizational method or marketing method that generates environmental advantage compared to alternatives. CIS 2008 also suggests that firm marketing innovation capability of a firm includes ability to make significant changes to product design or packaging, ability to develop new media or techniques for product promotion, develop new sales channel and develop new methods of pricing goods. Product Innovation capability also includes the ability of the firm to develop products adaptive to the needs of the customer. Process innovation capability includes ability to develop new or improved supporting activities for business processes and ability to provide new method of providing staff welfare (employees are provided incentives and encouraged to behave in novel and original ways) and key executives are encouraged to take new risks [87]. Competition: Knowledge Management (KM) theory and the Science of competitiveness suggests that KM improves competitive position by improving productivity, agility, innovation and/or reputation PAIR [88, 89]. In dynamic markets knowledge assets become critical as a source of competition [90]. Along with KM , greater Agility will breed superior organizational performance [91].Entrepreneurial agility (the ability to anticipate and proactively take competitive actions) and Adaptive agility (the ability to sense and react to change) are both significant predictors of sustainable competitive advantage[92]. There is also significant relationship between sustainable competitive advantage and profitability [92]. Dynamic capabilities: In fast evolving markets, competition is a moving target and firms should have dynamic capabilities to gain competitive advantage [66]. Drawing on previous research findings, Dynamic capability is composed of adaptive capability, absorptive capability and innovative capability[70]. Review of literature has defined Competitive action [and response] as externally directed, specific, and observable competitive move initiated by a firm to enhance its relative competitive position[93]. Previous research has concluded that Knowledge Assets, Agility, Dynamic capability are important for being competitive but the key question that this study investigates the relationship of digital convergence with Innovation capability, building innovation co-operation, Business Process agility and competitive advantage. Agility The different types of Agility identified in the literature are : Operational (internally focused initiative), Partnering (Supply chain initiative) and Customer (demand side initiative) [65], Entrepreneurial and Adaptive[92], Strategic[94], Business-Process [95]. Operational agility has been defined in the literature as the ability to sense and seize business opportunities quickly, accurately, and cost-efficiently. Customer agility is the ability to adapt to customers, identify new business opportunities and implement these opportunities with customers; and the role of IT in customer agility is to facilitate the development of virtual customer communities for designing new product, feedback and testing. Partnership agility: is the ability to leverage partners knowledge, competencies, and assets in order to identify and implement new business opportunities. Individual firms do not have all the resources required to effectively compete and value creation for the firm can be leveraged better through pooling of assets between partners. The role of IT in partnering agility is to support Inter organizational networks for collaboration, communication and integration of business processes. Organizational agility is important for business success [96]. Agility of an organization is significantly determined by the operational ability of the organization. Greater agility is achieved when the Inter-organizational system used has a task and strategic fit, has been assimilated into the organization and the system is adopted network wide [91]. Organizations that are agile i.e. to be able to take competitive actions continuously perform better than organizations that dont [97]. Business-processes agility can be classified as : process-level agility, which is how quickly an organization can add new capabilities into its standard processes (E.g. how quickly a company can acquire AJAX capability into its ordering process) ; and transaction-level agility, which measures the how good the organization is in customizing capabilities for individual customer transactions (For example, how well a company can customize AJAX ordering capability to include bar-code label on the box, an RFID tag on a certain type of container, and paper invoice with bulk billing based on the individual transaction with a customer)[98]. Theory and Propositions Resource based view (RBV) of the firm [99, 100] suggests that valuable, rare, inimitable and non substitutable (VRIN) resources and capabilities as the source of competitive advantage. The extension to this is the theory of Dynamic capabilities. This theory emphasizes that development of organizational capabilities over the time and their constant renewal by management influences can be a source of competitive advantage. In contrast to the earlier view that IT infrastructure and IT investment provides the source of competitive advantage, dynamic capabilities theory emphasizes that consistent development of the capability to apply IT , allows firms to be flexible and innovate continuously, looking put for emerging opportunities, and countervailing threats from competitors to help shape a superior firm [101]. Theory of capability state competition lists Dynamic capabilities, core competencies and resources as a basis for superior performance of a firm [102] According to the Dynamic cap abilities theory it is not just the availability of resources that matter, but also the high performance routines operating inside the firm and embedded in the firms processes that utilizes them [103]. The theory proposes that a firms IT application can be imitable across firms but the firms capability to apply IT strategically can be inimitable [104]. Based on this theory the innovation capability of a firm cannot be easily replicated by other firms and will help the firm achieve competitive advantage. Innovation was described by Schumpeter (1934) as development of new products, new methods of production, new sources of supply, opening of new markets and new ways of organizing businesses. As per OECDs CIS 2008 survey innovation ability is the ability to implement new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method, or a new environmentally friendly product or process in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations. It has been suggested that firms radical or incremental innovation drives the firm to respond to market changes and opportunities[105]. This study investigates this empirically by proposing the following. Proposition 1: Innovation capability will be related to Organizational Agility. Digital systems are pervasive and can make knowledge accessible through intranets, digital knowledge repositories and databases and can make the knowledge richer by video conferencing and digital collaborative facilities. Digitization offers firms significant opportunities to achieve greater agility [106]. Digital convergence allows for transfer of digitized information in different ways. Information theory provides completely rational explanations for competitive action: those who have the information will be most aware, motivated and capable of responding. ICT use on Multifactor productivity (MFP growth) are typically linked to firms experience in innovation [107]. It has been suggested that several firm capabilities like the firms digital platform is an important enabler of agility [65]. Thus this study proposes that Innovation Capability will drive agility more for firms that have Digital convergence than for firms that do not. Proposition 2: Relationship between Innovation capability and organizational Agility will be moderated by digital convergence Firms that have digitized their process have digital options that can help create new channels to access customers, build real-time integration within supply chain network , gain efficiencies in internal operations and offering new digital products or services [108]. This study proposes that firms that have digitized their processes will have digital convergence that can help digital collaboration with customers, other members in the supply chain network, other firms in the industry, competitors and other firms within the enterprise; both locally and globally. Proposition 3: Digital convergence will facilitate digital collaboration for innovation activities Proposition 4: Digital convergence will promote both local and international innovation partnership. It has been suggested that Digital collaborations will result in Co-evolution among businesses which implies flexibility in the asset mix , capabilities and knowledge resulting in Agility [109]. Knowledge management is related to organizational agility [110] and conducting knowledge management leads to five types of knowledge manipulation activities: knowledge acquisition, selection, generation, assimilation, and emission[88]. Proposition 5: Digital Collaboration for Innovation has a direct relationship with Agility. Proposition 6: Organizational Agility will be related to a higher level of competitive position/competitive advantage. Research Design Data Sample The proposed research model will be empirically tested using a data gathered from managers of companies. The target respondent list will be compiled from the Dun Bradstreet database consisting of large organizations both public and private operating in North America that has a certain level of market uncertainty and competition. As per OECDs definition there are two types of innovation intensive industries comprising of a) High tech industrial companies like Manufacturing and b) companies that provide knowledge intensive services like IT consultancy, Telecom services, Banking and Financial, Retail, Insurance, Health Care, Education etc . The diverse sample from both the public and the private sector will help increase the generalizability of the results from this study. The focus of this study is digital convergence. Although the surge in digital convergence with variable strength is seen across all industry sectors and all size firms; this study focuses on medium to lar ge companies with large number of employees. The reason being, for large size companies the availability of finance makes it easier to invest in digital systems. Methodology A pilot study with IS academics and graduate students will be conducted for the preliminary assessment of the proposed scale for each construct and to identify ambiguous questions and instructions. Cronbachs alpha (a) coefficient will be computed for each multi item scale to test for reliability. Alpha greater than 0.7 is generally considered to be acceptable reliability[111]. It is important to assess the biases that results from using a single method, a mail survey administered at a single point in time, to measure the constructs proposed in this study due to Common Method Variance (CMV). The Harmons one factor test will be used to assess CMV[112]. Measures are being taken to elicit information about all the variables that are being studied. Whatever possible existing scales will be used but new scale to measure digital convergence will be developed. A seven point likert scale (1= very Weak, 7=Very strong) was used to measure the constructs. This study adapts the previously validated scales used in the past to measure organizational innovation capability [85-87, 113]. The adapted scale in the study consists of : Product innovation which has 3 questions, Process Innovation has 4,organizational innovation has 4,Marketing innovation has 4 and Environmental innovation has 2 questions as shown in the Appendix. Digital Collaboration for innovation is use of digital platform to actively participate with other enterprises or non-commercial institutions on innovation activities. Collaborators for innovation do not require benefiting commercially. For this study pure contract work with no active co-operation is excluded in defining digital collaboration for innovation. The measure is adapted from the OECD community innovation survey, 2008. It consists of selecting the different types of collaborators and their location as shown in Appendix. Eight measures of business process agility was used from a previously validated instrument [95] which was developed based on conceptual framework provided by prior research [65, 114]. These items measure how quickly and well the firms can undertake key business actions such as responding to changes in aggregate demand, customizing a product to a specific customer or market, reaction to new product or service launches by competitors, change prices or product mix, move into or retrench from markets, adopt new process and redesign the supply chain. Little empirical work has been done on Digital Convergence and this proposal synthesizes concepts from the current IS literature on Digital Convergence to help develop the operationalization of the Digital convergence Construct. This study proposes breaking down DC into 6 first order constructs consisting of content convergence, transmission convergence, Network convergence, Business Process convergence or integration, Device convergence and Pervasive digital environment; which will be easier to operationalize . The Next step will be operationalizing these variables, transform the propositions into formal hypotheses for the purpose of empirical testing. This study proposes to measure competitive position of a company based on performance of their company relative to their major competitors using a seven-point Likert scale( 1-significantly decreased, 7= significantly increased) in terms of : Market share, Sales volume and Customer Satisfaction. The results from the self reported will be validated by calculating correlation with the results from accounting related measures available from Financial Reports. Previous literature supports the use of accounting measures such as Return on Sales (ROS), Return on Assets (ROA) often used as proxy for efficiency, operation income to measure a companys position to compete Data Analysis This study proposes to use PLS to estimate the research model as it is common in behavioral literature to use multiple item measures for latent constructs. Path model using PLS will be used for interpreting the main results of this study because this study uses perceptual measures coming from one respondent for constructs that require multiple item indicators. Significance of this research Innovation and Agility are seen as being important across many industries, especially those operating in a dynamic and globally competitive environment. The impact of Digital Convergence upon a firms ability to compete in such an environment has important implications for managers. The relationship between Innovation capability and Business Process Agility has not been studied empirically in context with competitive advantage. The results from this proposed study can provide guidance to managers to answer questions like: Should managers develop environmental innovation capability, organizational and marketing innovation capability to gain more Agility? Should Managers invest in digital convergence for building digital collaboration for innovation? Is there any gain in collaboration for innovation (even with competitors) in improving firm agility? Does business process agility provide competitive advantage for large companies? Will the benefit in developing innovation capability incre ase by investment in Digital Convergence? This proposed study is important to researchers as it adds to the growing body of literature linking a Firms capability and Agility. It draws from resource-based view of the firm and dynamic capability theory to explain the relationship between firms innovation capability and its competitive performance. This study provides an empirical test of relationship between business process agility and competitiveness. The study also provides identification of Digital Convergence. Finally, the results of this proposed study is important to respondents as it answers if the leverage of innovation capability for competitive advantage is contingent on investment in Digital Convergence. References 1. 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Appendix A SURVEY (Scales adapted from previously validated survey instruments) 1. Product (good or service) innovation The innovation (new or improved) must be new to your enterprise, but it does not need to be new to your sector or market. Relative to other firms in your industry, please indicate the ability of your firm to produce (1= very Weak, 7=Very strong) 1.1. Newly improved goods or services with incremental changes. (I.e. products with incremental innovation in features, functionality, technology, etc. Exclude the simple resale of new goods purchased from other enterprises and changes of a solely aesthetic nature.) 1.2. Radically new goods or services (i.e. products with significant innovation in features, functionality, technology, etc) 1.3. Products that are adaptive to the preferences and needs of the customer 2. Process innovation Exclude purely organizational innovations. Relative to other firms in your industry, please indicate the ability of your firm to develop or use (1= very Weak, 7=Very strong) 2.1 New or significantly improved methods of manufacturing or producing goods or services 2.2 New or significantly improved logistics, delivery or distribution methods for your inputs, goods or services 2.3 New or significantly improved supporting activities for your processes, such as maintenance systems or operations for purchasing, accounting, or computing 2.4 New methods of maintaining staff welfare (i.e. to provide incentives to recruit staff with innovative and creative capacity, etc) 3. Organisational innovation An organizational innovation is the implementation of a new organizational method in your enterprises business practices (including knowledge management), workplace organization or external relations that has not been previously used by your enterprise. It must be the result of strategic decisions taken by management. Relative to other firms in your industry, please indicate the ability of your firm to introduce (1= very Weak, 7=Very strong) 3.1 New business practices for organising work or procedures (i.e. supply chain management, business re-engineering, lean production, quality management, education/training systems, etc) 3.2 New knowledge management systems to better use or exchange information, knowledge and skills within your enterprise or to collect and interpret information from outside your enterprise 3.3 New methods of workplace organization for distributing responsibilities and decision making (i.e. first use of a new system of employee resp onsibilities, team work, decentralization, integration or de-integration of departments, etc) 3.4 New methods of organizing external relations with other firms or public institutions (i.e. first use of alliances, partnerships, outsourcing or sub-contracting, etc.) 4. Marketing innovation A marketing innovation is the implementation of a new marketing concept or strategy that differs significantly from your enterprises existing marketing methods and which has not been used before. It requires significant changes in product design or packaging, product placement, product promotion or pricing. Exclude seasonal, regular and other routine changes in marketing methods. Relative to other firms in your industry, please indicate the ability of your firm to introduce (1= very Weak, 7=Very strong) 4.1 Significant changes to product design or the packaging of goods or services (exclude changes that only alter the products functional or user characteristics) 4.2 New media or techniques for product promotion (i.e. the first time use of a new advertising media, fundamentally new brand to target new markets, introduction of loyalty cards, etc) 4.3 New methods for product placement or sales channels (i.e. first time use of franchising or distribution license s, direct selling, exclusive retailing, new concepts for product presentation, etc) 4.4 New methods of pricing goods or services i.e. first time use of variable pricing by demand, discount systems, etc) 5. Environmental innovation An environmental innovation is a new or significantly improved product (good or service), process, organizational method or marketing method that creates environmental benefits compared to alternatives. Relative to other firms in your industry, please indicate the ability of your firm to (1= very Weak, 7=Very strong) 5.1 Introduce a product (good or service) process, organizational or marketing innovation with any of the following environmental benefits 1. Reduced material use per unit of output 2. Reduced energy use per unit of output 3. Reduced CO2 footprint (total CO2 production) by your enterprise 4. Replaced materials with less polluting or hazardous substitutes 5. Reduced soil, water, noise, or air pollution 6. Recycled waste, water, or materials 5.2 Provide Environmental benefits from the after sales use of a good or service by the end user 1. Reduced energy use 2. Reduced air, water, soil or noise pollution 3. Improved recycling of product after use 6. Digital Collaboration 6.1Digital Collaboration is active participation with other enterprises or non-commercial institutions on innovation activities using a digital platform. Both partners do not need to commercially benefit. Exclude pure contracting out of work with no active co-operation. Yes ? No ? 6.2 Please indicate the type of co-operation partner and location (Tick all that apply) Type of co-operation partner [Your country] Europe Asia All other countries A. Other enterprises within your enterprise group ? ? ? ? B. Suppliers of equipment, materials, components, or software ? ? ? ? C. Clients or customers ? ? ? ? D. Competitors or other enterprises in your sector ? ? ? ? E. Consultants, commercial labs, or private RD institutes ? ? ? ? F. Universities or other higher education institutions ? ? ? ? G. Government or public research institutes ? ? ? ? 6.3 Which type of co-operation partner did you find the most valuable for your enterprises innovation activities? (Give corresponding letter) _______ 7. Business Process Agility To what extent do you agree that your firm can easily and quickly perform the following business actions? (Do Not Agree =1, Agree Completely=7) ( Do Not Agree =1, Agree Completely=7) 7.1 Respond to changes in aggregate consumer demand. 7.2 Customize a product or service to suit an individual customer. 7.3 React to new product or service launches by competitors. 7.4 Introduce new pricing schedules in response to changes in competitors prices. 7.5 Expand into new regional or international markets. 7.6 Change (i.e., expand or reduce) the variety of products / services available for sale. 7.7 Adopt new technologies to produce better, faster and cheaper products and services. 7.8 Switch suppliers to avail of lower costs, better quality or improved delivery times.

When to Take a College Course Pass/Fail

Most college courses require students to take them for a grade, but not always: In some cases, students can take a few courses as pass/fail during their time in college. Whether or not thats a good choice for you depends on a variety of factors, and there are a few things you need to know before choosing a pass/fail option over the regular grading system. What Is Pass/Fail? Its exactly what it sounds like: When you take a course pass/fail, your instructor simply decides whether your work qualifies you to pass or fail the class, rather than assign you a letter grade. As a result, it isnt factored into your GPA, and it will show up on your transcript differently. Assuming you pass, you will get the full course credits, just as if you had received a letter grade. When to Take a Course Pass/Fail There are a few situations in which you may want to take a college course pass/fail: 1. You dont need the grade.  Whether youre fulfilling graduation requirements or you just want to experiment with other areas of study, youll probably have to take a few courses outside your major. You may want to consider the pass/fail option if a letter grade in one of those courses isnt necessary for earning your degree or getting into  graduate school. 2. You want to take a risk. Pass/fail courses have no bearing on your GPA — what class might you take if you didnt have to worry about it affecting your grades? Pass/fail can be a good opportunity to expand your horizons or take a class that will really challenge you. 3. You want to reduce your stress. Maintaining good grades takes a lot of hard work, and opting for a pass/fail course can relieve some of the pressure. Keep in mind your school will have deadlines by which you have to declare youre taking the course as pass/fail, so it might not be an option for avoiding a bad grade at the last minute. Your school also likely limits how many courses you can take pass/fail, so youll want to carefully plan how to take advantage of the opportunity. Other Things to Consider Make sure youre choosing pass/fail for the right reasons, not just because you want to take it easy. Youll still need to study, do the reading, complete the homework  and pass the exams. If you slack off, the fail will show up on your transcript, not to mention the possibility youll have to make up for the credits you didnt earn. Even if you withdraw  from the class to avoid failing it, that will also show up on your transcript (unless you get out of it during a drop period). Keep in mind you may not be able to enroll in  all as a pass/fail student, and before you commit to a grading system, you may want to discuss the choice with your academic advisor or a trusted mentor.

Kite Runner Discussion Questions - 974 Words

1. The novel begins with Amir s memory of peering down an alley, looking for Hassan who is kite running for him. As Amir peers into the alley, he witnesses a tragedy. The novel ends with Amir kite running for Hassan s son, Sohrab, as he begins a new life with Amir in America. Why do you think the author chooses to frame the novel with these scenes? Refer to the following passage: Afghans like to say: Life goes on, unmindful of beginning, end...crisis or catharsis, moving forward like a slow, dusty caravan of kochis [nomads]. How is this significant to the framing of the novel? 2. The strong underlying force of this novel is the relationship between Amir and Hassan. Discuss their friendship. Why is Amir afraid to be Hassan s true†¦show more content†¦How has Amir damned himself? 10. Compare and contrast the relationships of Soraya and Amir and their fathers. How have their upbringings contributed to these relationships? 11. Discuss how the ever-changing politics of Afghanistan affect each of the characters in the novel. 12. On Amir s trip back to Afghanistan, he stays at the home of his driver, Farid. Upon leaving he remarks: Earlier that morning, when I was certain no one was looking, I did something I had done twenty-six years earlier: I planted a fistful of crumpled money under the mattress. Why is this moment so important in Amir s journey? 13. Throughout the story, Baba worries because Amir never stands up for himself. When does this change? 14. Amir s confrontation with Assef in Wazir Akar Khan marks an important turning point in the novel. Why does the author have Amir, Assef, and Sohrab all come together in this way? What is this the significance of the scar that Amir develops as a result of the confrontation? Why is it important in Amir s journey toward forgiveness and acceptance? 15. While in the hospital in Peshawar, Amir has a dream in which he sees his father wrestling a bear: They role over a patch of grass, man and beast...they fall to the ground with a loud thud and Baba is sitting on the bear s chest, his fingers digging in its snout. He looks up at me, and I see. He s me. I am wrestling the bear. Why is this dream soShow MoreRelatedKite Runner Discussion Questions4262 Words   |  18 PagesKITE RUNNER Discussion Questions 1. The novel begins with Amirs memory of peering down an alley, looking for Hassan who is kite running for him. As Amir peers into the alley, he witnesses a tragedy. The novel ends with Amir kite running for Hassans son, Sohrab, as he begins a new life with Amir in America. Why do you think the author chooses to frame the novel with these scenes? 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Understanding Of Employee Motivation Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Understanding Of Employee Motivation. Answer: The organizational articles till now mostly have focused more on the employee compensation, unions and the training practices that are needed by the employees in an organization or either as high performance work systems which are none or less common factors related with the organization. Initially starting with the background where discussing the previous organizational perspectives will lead to widen the idea regarding this research. However the business research presented here is on the base of modeling the drivers of employee turnover and the skills of the employees increase the retention rate in the organization (Smith, Oczkowski Smith, 2011). With reviewing the article we will be able to understand and focus more towards the employee motivation attitude of the individual employee and their intentions of leaving the present organization. For this article, measuring the determinants of the employee attitude is essential it will give the result of the employee turnover from the organizational perspective using the analysis of organization. The research gives an outline of the report by discussing the previous related literature and methods of sampling the data. in the end concluding that severalmanagement practices and incentive schemes can reduce the turnover and hence resulting into increase of retention in the work environment. Coming to the studies that have been taken previously are all interrelated and somehow give a simple reason that promotes employee turnover. However,human resource management can play a vital role in reducing the turnovers in the organization. The strong commitments of the organization lead to less number of intentions to quit. Several journals and responses of the employees with the help of questionnaires of different variables of workers will help to take up the research to a conclusion and similarly, the data will help to evidence the research. The study also included various specific to the topic underpinnings regarding the high work performance system and individual HR practices in an organization. After researching a lot on the previous related topics which were more direct towards identifying the cause of the employee turnover in organizations. Many reasons have been identified on the basis of certain categories including, organizational policy impact on the employee, and satisfaction level among them. After collecting all the responses from the employees and sorting out the useable data from all the responses will further help to verify the research method. Therefore, when the study will give a certain conclusion and a verified point that satisfies the overall research then it will lead towards the ending of a successful research. While undertaking the activity it seemed as a challenge initially because collecting the data of 4 different variables was a bit difficult to sort and explain to measure the determinants. The four variables included the senior and middle managers; skilled trade workers; intermediate workers; and laborers and machine operators. In order to explain four groupings on the basis of large variety of data such as human resource practices, high performance work system practices, training practice and market characteristics. Data collection and sources relating to similar context made the findings more effective and accurate. Extracting data from the employees in the working times was one of the biggest challenges that also of 300 Australian organizations and using structural equation modeling technique to analyze the relation of valuable and reliable measures. Making of the questionnaires with different set of questions that need to be framed for different variables of employees and after collecting them all, in total 370 responses were distributed over emails out of which only 335 responses were received that also with partially filled answers which directly resulted into 328 responses that can be used and estimated to gain the result. While on the other hand, gathering several data from many of the sources was an essential and a hard work as the article covers a vast interrelated concept such as effects of unions, human resource decision making and employee turnover and retention. As the topic on which the study is based upon has some new insights which was not easy to draw from the existing resources because not much of data was available so all the inputs were manually collected from the questionnaire responses of the employees and from UKs Workplace Employment Relations Survey (WERS). However, some of the parts were partially investigated due to the general research on human resource and high performance work system. Considering the valuable and reliable sources and in order to facilitate the validity of the data collected various multi-item measurement scales were used with the help of taking the knowledge from the previous related literatures. Timemanagement with exploiting sufficient amount of money for gathering the response was a great issue which had to be according to the time frame for the research and was usually managed. References Smith, A., Oczkowski, E., Smith, C. S. (2011). To have and to hold: modelling the drivers of employee turnover and skill retention in Australian organisations.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,22(02), 395-416.